Disaster Information, Resilience, for Emergency and Crisis Technologies
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ItemWhich Factors Govern the Use of Emergency Response Information Systems? Insights from an Ethnographical Study of a Voluntary Fire Department( 2022-01-04)To realize the digitalization potential of emergency response processes, several information technologies have been proposed that shall support firefighters in their operations. In the incident command process, especially emergency response information systems (ERIS) are supposed to raise the situation awareness and overall efficacy. Despite their theoretical potential, these technologies only slowly disseminate in practice, however. While extant acceptance models can basically explain firefighters’ intention to use them, the actual usage so far remained unexplored. To gain an in-depth understanding of the specific domain and its influence on the usage of technologies, we ethnographically observed a voluntary fire department over several years. During its digitalization of command processes, we identified operational specialties like flexibility, organizational requirements like error culture, and social aspects like perceived importance that influence the introduction of an ERIS. These factors shall enrich existing acceptance models and help to better consider the special characteristics of the firefighter domain.
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ItemUsing a Public Safety Radio Network for Information Negotiation between the Three-Tiered Command and Control Structure( 2022-01-04)Multi-organizational emergency operations require effective information sharing. Existing information management tools supporting a common operational picture mainly convey factual information. However, a growing body of literature recognizes the importance of sharing interpretations and implications among the involved stakeholders for building a common situational understanding. This study aims to identify information that must be negotiated across the strategic, tactical, and operational command and control structures (C2S) for developing common situational understanding. Based on 33 interviews and a survey of emergency management stakeholders, information elements on the semantic and pragmatic levels are identified. Further, the results suggest how to use a secure radio network for facilitating information sharing so that the involved organizations can monitor and negotiate important information. These insights provide important lessons for improving information sharing in the emergency management domain.
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ItemTowards Digital Transformation of a City Resilience Framework( 2022-01-04)Improving city resilience is among the most challenging strategic goals for city administrators worldwide. To support their work, frameworks providing technical support and methodological guidance have been developed. Such frameworks define resilience improvement processes based on multidimensional resilience models to assess one city’s resilience level, plus a collection of policies to increase such level in different dimensions. Although some frameworks include software tools to support the process, their scope is limited to a particular step of the process, and global management is still done manually, hindering agility in the process. In this paper, we present our work towards the digital transformation of a city resilience framework. The use of process technology to specify and enact the process is combined with the application of model-based development techniques to provide interoperability of the different framework tools. We describe the architecture of the solution proposed, and the major features of our approach.
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ItemPersistent physics-based crisis management framework: A case study of traffic in the Nantes city due to flood exposure( 2022-01-04)In the context of crisis, the characteristics of the crisis area and the operational measures of the community play key roles in managing the crisis. The Nantes ring road in France is always exposed to flooding and its disruptions. To anticipate the disruptions and timely preventive actions for this frequent phenomenon, the main challenges are (i) forecast of vehicles' flows, (ii) capacity of the ring road to handle the traffic (iii) evaluate the performance of alternate routes during the flooding. The flooded area as a system has components of (i) the flood (e.g. time of onset, magnitude, intensity, etc.), (ii) the area (e.g. geographical features, temporary perimeter barriers, dam, diversion canals), and (iii) the community (e.g. reaction time, emergency strain, evacuation delay). The approach chosen to conduct this anticipative study consists of collecting data about forecasts and using simulation models to work simultaneously on evaluating the performance of the ring road and its alternative routes.
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ItemModeling renewable energy production and CO2 emissions in the region of Adrar in Algeria using LSTM neural networks( 2022-01-04)This paper addresses the slow-onset crisis of global warming caused by CO2 emissions. Although electrical load is a major influence in a country’s growth and development, it is also one of largest sources of greenhouse gases (GHG), CO2 in particular. Therefore, switching to cleaner energy sources is a clear objective and forecasting electricity load and its environmental cost is a necessary task for electrical energy planning and management. This paper addresses short-term load forecasting of renewable energy (RE) production in the region of Adrar in Algeria with Adrar’s photovoltaic (PV) farm and Kabertene’s wind farm. The forecast is compared to the overall load demand, and the reduced amount of CO2 resulting from using renewable energy instead of fossil fuels is calculated. The forecasting models are Long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks, which were trained and validated using real data provided by the national state-owned company SONALGAZ. The results show good performance for the forecasting models with PV and wind models achieving a Mean-absolute-error (MAE) of 0.024 and 0.1 respectively, and that RE can help reduce CO2 emissions by up to 25% per hour.
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ItemLarge-scale Zone-based Evacuation Planning: Generating Convergent and Non-Preemptive Evacuation Plans via Column Generation( 2022-01-04)In zone-based evacuations, the evacuated region is divided into zones, and vehicles follow the single evacuation path assigned to their corresponding zone. Ideally, these evacuation paths converge at intersections to reduce driver hesitation; and non-preemptive schedules ensure that the evacuation of a zone proceeds without interruptions once it starts. We present a column-generation algorithm that produces convergent and non-preemptive evacuation plans in real large-scale evacuation scenarios. Furthermore, we compare our algorithm against existing models that produce convergent paths or non-preemptive schedules separately. Finally, we use a traffic simulator to evaluate the quality of the generated plans.
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ItemIWARN: A people-centered approach for early warning( 2022-01-04)Early warning is the activity of the mitigation phase concerned with monitoring precursors of a potential hazard to decide whether it is evolving to real risk and eventually initiate an early response. The first step consists of collecting updated and reliable data to support situational awareness from emergency operators. Data-centered Early Warning Systems (EWS) are focused on gathering data and run simulations to support decision-makers. A more sustainable approach consists of a people-centered EWS that takes profit from citizens who act as intelligent sensors collecting and sharing purposeful information. This people-centered approach can contribute to raising community awareness of the local environment and its vulnerabilities. In this paper, we introduce iWarn, a system relying upon mobile to integrate citizens in this process. The system has been developed following an action research approach to involve different stakeholders, including professionals, volunteers and citizens.
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ItemIs this Digital Resilience? Insights from Adaptation and Exaptation of a Cyber-Physical-Social System( 2022-01-04)This paper is based on a qualitative case study that explores the adaptation and customisation of a Cyber Physical Social System (CPSS)-based patient monitoring solution for use during Covid19 in the Norwegian health sector. The study seeks to answer the following research questions: 1) what are the preconditions that enable the adaptive use of a CPSS in crisis response efforts? 2) what are the contributions of the adaptive use of technology in the building of digital resilience in a health organisation? The study identifies five main themes emerge as enabling factors forming a basis for the preconditions to adaptive use of the CPSS. We conclude with a discussion on the practical and theoretical implications of this research and how it contributes to crisis management and digital resilience theory.
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ItemI am what I am – Convergence Behaviors on Online Discussion About the Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines( 2022-01-04)Using data from an online discussion on the risk of getting blood clot from Johnson & Johnson vaccine moderated by the New York Times Facebook page, we investigated the presence of eleven convergence behaviors, and the interaction between them. While recent research focuses on misinformation or fake news as the object of analysis, we argue in this exploratory research that it is equally important to analyze who and, whenever possible, why people engage in information exchange given a particular crisis, hence their convergence behaviors. Mapping the types of postings to their authors would be an additional step to design, develop, implement, and possibly, regulate online discussions for a more effective and just civic engagement. As we witness a mass manipulation of public opinion, our findings suggest that the number of netizens that seek to correct misinformation is growing. If the society goal is to swiftly rebut as many conspiracy theories as possible, we advocate for a dual social media control strategy: restrain as much as possible the misinformation spreaders/manipulators and encourage correctors to help propagate countervailing facts.
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ItemEliciting Uncertain Resilience Information for Risk Mitigation( 2022-01-04)The literature of risk, mitigation, and resilience is rich in classifications and recommendations. The missing link is evaluation: ideally, data based; initially, based on expert judgment. We present a novel approach for eliciting probability distributions describing mitigation effectiveness. This approach can be used by subject matter experts (SMEs) who are not specialists in mathematics or engineering. A visual interface permits each expert to sketch a distribution by moving five colored dots on the user interface. The engine can weight and combine estimates from several SMEs into an aggregate density function suitable for presentation, and an aggregate cumulated distribution for use in Monte Carlo simulations. Additional supporting software adapts the tool for real-time support of virtual Delphi-type sessions involving multiple distributed experts. Use of the tool in a study aimed at controlling information and communication technology supply chain risks yields valuable information on those threats, and on the tool itself.