Pietrusewsky, Michael
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10125/81789
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Item type: Item , Pietrusewsky M, Douglas MT, Ikehara-Quebral RM. 2017. Skeletal and dental health: the bioarchaeology of the human skeletons from the Sigatoka Sand Dunes Site, VL 16/1, Viti Levu, Fiji. Journal of Pacific Archaeology 8(2): 63-78.(2017)In this paper, we examine the health, diet, and lifestyle of the early inhabitants of Fiji using non-specific and specific indicators of health recorded in 42 adult and six subadult skeletons excavated at the Sigatoka Sand Dunes site, VL 16/1, on Viti Levu, one of the largest samples of prehistoric skeletons from Fiji. Because the dates of the Sigatoka cemetery may coincide with contact with later intrusions of people from regions located to the west of Fiji, our research has the potential to inform on the health of prehistoric Fijians during a time of potential stress. Limited comparisons with skeletal series from Remote Oceania for understanding the health of the early inhabitants of tropical Pacific Islands are also made. This is the first study that focuses exclusively on the health of the people interred in the Sigatoka cemetery. With some notable exceptions, few differences were observed in comparisons of skeletal and dental indicators of health in adult males and females from Sigatoka, differences that can be attributed to gender-related cultural practices (e.g., kava use in males), dietary differences, and age. Regional comparisons indicate the early inhabitants of Fiji were relatively healthy and robust people. Unexpectedly, no evidence of yaws was found in the Sigatoka skeletons, a disease that was highly prevalent in Fiji and the western Pacific when the first Europeans arrived. Limited observations of deciduous dental pathology indicate good health in utero and during infancy. Keywords : Bioarchaeology, dental pathology, deciduous dental pathology, indicators of health, FijiItem type: Item , Hayashi A, Emanovsky PD, Pietrusewsky M, Holland TD. 2016. A procedure for calculating the vertical space height of the sacrum when determining skeletal height for use in the anatomical method of adult stature estimation. Journal of Forensic Sciences 61(2):415-423. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13030(2016)ABSTRACT: Estimating stature from skeletonized remains is one of the essential parameters in the development of a biological profile. A new procedure for determining skeletal height (SKH) incorporating the vertical space height (VSH) from the anterior margin of the sacral promontory to the superior margins of the acetabulae for use in the anatomical method of stature estimation is introduced. Regression equations for stature estimation were generated from measurements of 38 American males of European ancestry from the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection. The modification to the procedure results in a SKH that is highly correlated with stature (r = 0.925–0.948). Stature estimates have low standard errors of the estimate ranging from 21.79 to 25.95 mm, biases from to 0.50 to 0.94 mm, and accuracy rates from 17.71 mm to 19.45 mm. The procedure for determining the VSH, which replaces “S1 height” in traditional anatomical method models, is a key improvement to the method. KEYWORDS: forensic science, forensic anthropology, stature estimation, anatomical method, S1 height, vertical space heightItem type: Item , Pietrusewsky M, Douglas, MT, Ikehara-Quebral RM, Kadohiro Lauer K. 2020. Skeletal and dental health of early Tongans: The bioarchaeology of the human skeletons from the To-At-36 Site, Ha‘ateiho, Tongatapu, Tonga, The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 15(2):204-243. DOI: 10.1080/15564894.2018.1564711(2020)Using a variety of skeletal and dental indicators (e.g., stature, linear enamel hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia, infection, trauma, dental pathologies) recorded in 33 adult and 11 subadult skeletons from the To-At-36 site at Ha‘ateiho, Tongatapu, this study examines the health, diet, and lifestyle of precontact Tongans during the Tongan Chiefdom Period (ca. 750–150 BP). Limited comparisons with skeletons from the ‘Atele mound sites (To-At-1 and To-At-2) on Tongatapu and other Pacific Island series are also made. Very few differences in the indicators of health were observed between the adult male and female skeletons from the To-At-36 site and between To-At-36 and the ‘Atele skeletons. Regional comparisons indicate that precontact Tongans and Polynesians were relatively tall and less subject to physiological stress than other Pacific Islanders. Bone infection, most likely attributable to yaws, was more prevalent in early Tongans. Although not significant, the frequency of bone fractures, including spondylolysis, is higher in the Tongan skeletons compared to other precontact Pacific Islanders. Advanced degenerative joint disease in precontact Tongans is comparable to other Pacific Island series. The oral-dental health of early Tongans was generally good. Overall, the frequencies of skeletal and dental indicators of health observed in the precontact Tongan skeletons fall in the medium range and are most similar to those reported for skeletons from the Hane dune site in the Marquesas and the Mariana Islands. Although evidence for physiological stress and bone infection is documented in the subadult skeletons from To-At- 36, the prevalence of bone infection is generally higher in other subadult series examined. Keywords bioarchaeology, post-Lapita skeletons, health, dental pathology, Polynesia, TongaItem type: Item , Asia-Pacific Craniometric Data(2024) Michael PietrusewskyThe datasets consist of thirty-four traditional morphometric measurements recorded in 3,557 adult male [Dataset 1] and 1,818 adult female [Dataset 2] crania. The crania represent modern, near modern, and Late Pleistocene individuals from the Pacific Islands (Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia), Australia, Island and Mainland Southeast Asia, and East Asia (China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea and Mongolia). The majority of the data were recorded between 1975 to 1997 by Michael Pietrusewsky, data used in his published research.Item type: Item , Lipson M, Cheronet O, Mallick S, Rohland N, Oxenham M, Pietrusewsky M, Oliver Pryce, M, Willis, A, Matsumura H, Buckley H, Domett K, Giang Hai Nguyen G. H, Hoang Hiep Trinh H H, Kya, A A, Win T T, Pradier B, Broomandkhoshbacht N, Candilio F, Changmai P, Fernandes D, Ferry M, Beatriz Gamarra B, Harney E, Kampuansai J, Wibhu Kutanan M, Michel M, Novak M, Oppenheimer J, Sirak K, Stewardson K, Zhang Z. Flegontov P, Pinhasi R, Reich, D. 2018. Ancient genomes document multiple waves of migration in Southeast Asian prehistory. Science 361(6397):92-95. doi:10.1126/science.aat3188.(2018)Southeast Asia is home to rich human genetic and linguistic diversity, but the details of past population movements in the region are not well known. Here, we report genome-wide ancient DNA data from eighteen Southeast Asian individuals spanning from the Neolithic period through the Iron Age (4100–1700 years ago). Early farmers from Man Bac in Vietnam exhibit a mixture of East Asian (southern Chinese agriculturalist) and deeply diverged eastern Eurasian (hunter-gatherer) ancestry characteristic of Austroasiatic speakers, with similar ancestry as far south as Indonesia providing evidence for an expansive initial spread of Austroasiatic languages. By the Bronze Age, in a parallel pattern to Europe, sites in Vietnam and Myanmar show close connections to present-day majority groups, reflecting substantial additional influxes of migrants.Item type: Item , Pietrusewsky Mandibular Metric Data(2024)The mandibular dataset consist of twenty-six traditional morphometric measurements [Document 7] recorded in 989 adult male [Dataset 3] and 113 adult female [Dataset 4] mandibles. The choice of measurements and the methods to record them follow the methods of Brown (1982), Martin and Saller (1957), and Trinkaus (1978). The mandibles represent modern, near modern, and Late Pleistocene individuals from the Pacific Islands (Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia), Mainland Southeast Asia, and East Asia (China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Siberia and Mongolia). Further explanation of the abbreviations used in the datasets is given in Documents 8-9. Document 10 provides a summary of the number of male and female crania included in the datasets.Item type: Item , Pietrusewsky, M. 1969. The Physical Anthropology of Early Tongan Populations: A Study of Bones and Teeth and an Assessment of their Biological Affinities Based on Cranial Comparisons with Eight Other Pacific Populations. Ph.D., University of Toronto.(1969)An osteological-odontological study of human skeletal remains archaeologically excavated by J. Davidson from two burial mounds on the island of Tongatapu of the Western Polynesian kingdom of Tonga in 1967 is presented. A determination of age at death, sex, and an assessment of statute and build for approximately 99 individuals is provided. Morphological and metrical data for both cranial and infracranial material, and non-metrical dental observations are presented. A section on palaeopathology and limited comparisons between excavated samples and modern (c.1920) Tongans are included. Finally, applying univariate and multivariate statistical analyses to metrical and non-metrical cranial data, comparisons are made with cranial series from Polynesia and Fiji. The results of these comparisons demonstrate: • A marked dichotomy between western (Tonga-Samoa) and eastern Polynesia • An association between Tonga-Samoa (western Polynesian sample) and Fiji (an eastern Melanesian sample). • A clustering of Society and Tuamotu, samples from central Polynesia, and a general cluster which includes Hawaii, New Zealand, Chatham Island, Marquesas, and Easter Island groups from more marginal areas of Polynesia. Easter Island demonstrates the greatest difference from these groups. Parallels are drawn between this new skeletal biological evidence and evidence from linguistics, archaeology, and cultural anthropology that favor a western as opposed to an eastern origin of the Polynesians from an eastern Melanesian source.Item type: Item , Liu Y-C, Hunter-Anderson R, Cheronet O, Eakin J, Camacho F, Pietrusewsky M, Rohland N, Ioannidis A, Athens JS, Ikehara-Quebral RM, Toomay Douglas, Bernardos MR, Culleton BJ, Mah M, Adamski N, Broomandkhoshbacht N, Callan K, Lawson AM, Mandl K, Michel M, Oppenheimer J, Stewardson K , Zalzala F, Kidd K, Kidd J, Schurr TG, Auckland K, Hill AVS, Mentzer AJ, Quinto-Cortés CD, Robson K, Kennett DJ, Patterson, N, Bustamante CD, Moreno-Estrada A, Spriggs M, Vilar M, Lipson M, Pinhasi R, Reich D. 2022. Ancient DNA reveals five migrations into Micronesia and matrilocality in early Pacific seafarers. Science. doi: 10.1126/science.abm6536(2022)Micronesia began to be peopled earlier than other parts of Remote Oceania, but the origins of its inhabitants remain unclear. We generated genome-wide data from 164 ancient and 112 modern individuals. Analysis reveals five migratory streams into Micronesia. Three are East Asian related, one is Polynesian, and a fifth is a Papuan source related to mainland New Guineans that is different from the New Britain–related Papuan source for southwest Pacific populations but is similarly derived from male migrants ~2500 to 2000 years ago. People of the Mariana Archipelago may derive all of their precolonial ancestry from East Asian sources, making them the only Remote Oceanians without Papuan ancestry. Female-inherited mitochondrial DNA was highly differentiated across early Remote Oceanian communities but homogeneous within, implying matrilocal practices whereby women almost never raised their children in communities different from the ones in which they grew up.Item type: Item , Discriminant function analysis of craniometric data for distinguishing Japanese and Filipino crania(Taylor & Francis, 2022-04-18) Hayashi, Atsuko; Pietrusewsky, MichaelGiven their similar morphology and gene-flow histories, determining whether an unidentified cranium found in the Philippines is Japanese or Filipino presents a challenge. Two different analyses are undertaken. First, discriminant function (DF) analyses are applied to 295 crania using 22 measurements for distinguishing between: 1) males and females, 2) Japanese and Filipino males, and 3) Japanese and Filipino females, and 4) among four groups (Japanese males, Filipino males, Japanese females, and Filipino females). Second, a DF equation for distinguishing Japanese males and Filipino males using 173 crania and 29 measurements is introduced. In addition to being able to distinguish between Japanese and Filipino crania, this study found that seldom used cranial measurements such as simonic chord (least nasal breadth -WNB), inferior malar length (IML), and maximum malar length (XML) are influential for distinguishing between these two Asian groups. The predicted classification accuracy of DF equations from both analyses ranged from 82.0% to 93.6%. Sixty test crania for the first study and 40 for the second study maintains classification success rates between 82.0% and 93.3%. The DF equations reported in this study can be a useful initial screening tool for identifying Japanese war dead in the Philippines.