Marine Parks and Reserves: Management for Philippine, Indonesian and Malaysian Coastal Reef Environments
Date
1984-12
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University of Hawaii at Manoa
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Abstract
Marine parks and reserves are observed and evaluated as management techniques for coral reef and associated reef environments. The problems of coral reef depletion, overexploitation of reef resources, and destructive fishing, indicate the need for management. These problems are contrasted with the benefits provided by coral reefs including high calcium deposition, nutrient cycling, and concentrated fishery yields. Since coral reefs are among the most productive ecosystems and supply a significant quantity of edible protein to island and coastal people, sustainable yield management is an important long-term goal. Seven reserve management and two control areas in the Philippines are discussed in detail and compared with two similar management ares in Indonesia and two in Malaysia. This study undertakes three objectives: 1) to document the status of various reefs in the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia in terms of reef biology, management approaches, patterns of human exploitation, and the larger environmental settings of the reefs; 2) to examine the effects of various factors, including formal management schemes, human exploitation, and general setting on the reef environments; and 3) to investigate generalities between sites in terms of environmental conditions, management and use by humans. Coral reef parameters are used to evaluate reef condition. These parameters include: substrate cover; density of coral genera, Acanthaster, and Tridacna; chaetodontid diversity; topographic relief; and noticeable damage. Sites are ranked in terms of reef quality and are compared as to remoteness, human exploitation, destructive uses and management types. Municipal and national management approaches are contrasted and the effects of local education, scientific and tourist interests are noted at each site. All sites where some form of management exists, except one, show an apparent positive impact and potential for sustainability. Control sites and those proposed for management without protection show some form of degradation. Two Philippine sites, Apo Reef and Tubbataha Reefs, have historically been preserved by their relative remoteness, but are now vulnerable and are recommended as national or regional protected areas. Management recommendations emphasize education and participation of local communities in reserve planning and implementation. Integration of national or municipal reserve management plans with local resource use patterns and needs is discussed. "Core" and "buffer" zones are shown to be effective for integrating ecological reserve design constraints with traditional fishing, tourism, scientific research and environmental education. Implementation of a core reserve area or sanctuary zone is shown to 1) maintain species richness of fishes; 2) provide undisturbed breeding grounds; and 3) export fish biomass. These benefits are associated with acceptance of reserve management schemes by local residents dependent on reef resources and by national policy makers.
Description
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Marine parks and reserves, Coastal zone management, Coral reef ecology
Citation
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xvii, 275 pages
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Philippines
Indonesia
Malaysia
Indonesia
Malaysia
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Related To
Theses for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (University of Hawaii at Manoa). Geography.
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Table of Contents
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