Pacific Science Volume 25, Number 2, 1971

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10125/3257

Pacific Science is a quarterly publication devoted to the biological and physical sciences of the Pacific Region.

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The Zoogeographic Relationships of Fanning Island Inshore Fishes
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1971-04) Gosline, William A.
The Littoral Marine Molluscs of Fanning Island
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1971-04) Kay, E.A.
Ecologic Observations on an Estuarine Environment at Fanning Atoll
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1971-04) Guinther, Eric B.
Salinity variations observed in an inlet and tidal flat on Fanning Atoll ranged from 7.8 to 42.3 %. Water temperatures varied from 25.1 C to 39.70 C. Daytime oxygen concentrations indicated that water at all stations was supersaturated. There are numerous estuaries on Fanning. Although distinct physical regions may be recognized within the estuaries, the distribution of organisms over these regions was found not to be comparable from estuary to estuary. Most of the fauna of the estuarine environment on atolls appears to be derived from euryhaline, high intertidal, or supratidal species of the lagoon shore.
Sedimentation and Coral Reef Development in Turbid Water: Fanning Lagoon
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1971-04) Roy, K.J.; Smith, S.V.
Lack of light and excessive sediment deposition rates are factors limiting coral reef development. The presence of very turbid water and muddy bottom does not mean, however, that coral growth is prohibited. Fanning Lagoon has a turbid water area (visibility, 2 m) and a clear water area (visibility, 10 to 15 m). Both areas have a muddy bottom. Because of the shallow depth and the light-scattering effect of the suspended CaC03, relative light intensity at the bottom is greater than 5 percent. The cleaning mechanism of the corals is sufficient to handle the deposition of sediment. Live corals cover 62 percent of the clear-water area and 31 percent of the turbid. Reefs in the turbid water are ecologically different from the ones in clear water, but they are still living reefs. Ramose corals make up 55 percent of the individuals in the turbid water and only 10 percent of those in the clear water. This difference is reflected in the structure of the reefs; those in clear water are massive and steep-sided, while those in the turbid water have gentler slopes and are more open with sediment infill. Fanning Lagoon is an example of penecontemporaneous formation of reef and intervening muddy sediment with bathymetric relief never more than 8 m.
Note on the Planktonic Primary Production in Fanning Island Lagoon
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1971-04) Gordon, Donald C Jr.; Fournier, Robert O.; Krasnick, George J.
A single series of representative observations indicates that both the productivity and standing crop of phytoplankton in Fanning Lagoon are much greater than reported in the lagoons of other Pacific atolls. Productivity, as measured by the radiocarbon method, averaged 9.29 mg C/m^3/hr, while chlorophyll a averaged 0.548 µg/liter. Phytoplankton, principally dinoflagellates with some diatoms and coccoid blue-greens, averaged 12.6 X 10^4 cells/liter. The relative richness of this lagoon compared with others appears to be due to the greater availability of nutrients which, in turn, is caused by the unique geographic features of the atoll.
Organic Carbon Budget of Fanning Island Lagoon
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1971-04) Gordon, Donald C Jr.
The concentrations of total and particulate organic carbon in the waters of Fanning Island Lagoon are high and fairly uniform throughout, averaging 1.68 mg/liter and 80 µg/liter, respectively. Phytoplankton and reefs in the lagoon produce 7.8 X. 10^4 kg of organic carbon daily, giving a turnover time of only 11 days for organic carbon. Only 0.4 percent of the daily production is lost from the lagoon by tidal exchange, the remainder is respired by organisms in the lagoon. Fanning Lagoon is a rich and unique environment which, because of its low flushing rate of about 230 days, has little effect on the surrounding ocean.
Flux of Suspended Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3), Fanning Island Lagoon
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1971-04) Smith, S.V.; Roy, K.J.; Schiesser, H.G.; Shepherd, G.L.; Chave, K.E.
A plume of turbid, CaCO3-laden water (0.24 mg/liter) is expelled from English Harbor, Fanning Atoll, on outgoing tides. On incoming tides, the concentration is 0.36 mg CaCO3/liter. At the two other passes of the atoll, incoming CaCO3 concentrations also are higher than outgoing concentrations. Lagoon waters contain 1 mg CaCO3/liter in the clear central portion of the lagoon and 4 mg CaCO3/liter elsewhere. Offshore concentrations out of the plume area are 0.03 mg CaCO3/liter. The lagoon and plume CaCO3 material is reef-derived detritus (aragonite and high-Mg calcite). Offshore CaCO3 particles are primarily coccoliths (low-Mg calcite). During a 24-hour survey 10 tons of suspended CaCO3 were transported into the lagoon. It is likely that the English Harbor plume represents little or no sediment loss from the lagoon. The plume debris is interpreted to be material produced on the outside fringing reefs, sucked into the lagoon on incoming tides, and subsequently expelled. Production of CaCO3 in the lagoon may be filling the lagoon faster than sea level is rising.
Tides and Currents in Fanning Atoll Lagoon
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1971-04) Gallagher, B.S.; Shimada, K.M.; Gonzalez, F.I. Jr.; Stroup, E.D.
As part of the Fanning Island Expedition 1970, selected physical studies were conducted in the atoll lagoon. The major effort was the measurement of volume, salt, and heat transports through the three main atoll openings over a 24-hour period. In addition, lagoon and ocean tides were recorded, and a cursory survey was made of circulation in a small, reef-enclosed pond within the lagoon.
Fanning Island Expedition-1970
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1971-04) Chave, K.E.
Some Chemical Features of Lavas from the Manu'a Islands, Samoa
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1971-04) Hubbard, Norman J.
The lavas of the Manu'a Islands have chemical compositions typical of oceanic island alkali lavas. They have rare earth abundances with chondrite normalized lanthanum:ytterbium ratios around 10 and ytterbium concentrations about 2.2 ppm. Strontium concentrations are greater than 400 ppm and within the range of strontium values for Hawaiian alkalic lavas. Potassium:rubidium ratios are generally between 300 and 400 but three samples have potassium: rubidium ~700, suggesting heterogeneity of source materials. The 87strontium: 86strontium ratios average 0.7046 ± .0003, and are the highest known for oceanic islands. Low pressure differentiation is controlled by olivine and plagioclase. These lavas were segregated from a normal oceanic upper mantle at >40 km depth and the percentage of partial melting was in the range of 3 to 7 percent. The chemical composition of the probable original magma is estimated using combined trace element, major element, and partition coefficient data.
Recoveries from 1964 through 1968 of Drift Bottles Released from a Merchant Vessel, S.S. Java Mail, en Route Seattle to Yokohama, October 1964
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1971-04) Fisk, Donald M.
During October 1964, drift bottles were released from a merchant vessel at intervals of about 80 miles during a voyage from Seattle, Washington to Yokohama, Japan. Of 3,840 bottles released, 121 have been recovered. Returns from four release areas are divided among four regions: Coastal, Eastern Subarctic, Central Subarctic, and Western Subarctic. Coastal recoveries reflect the northward drift along the coasts of Washington and British Columbia during winter. Recoveries from releases in the Eastern Subarctic show well-defined zonal flow to the west coast of North America. New information concerning the divergence of the Subarctic Current during winter was obtained from releases in the Central Subarctic. The long period between release and recovery of the bottles, from all but Coastal and Central Subarctic releases, makes it difficult to derive much new information about circulation in this region where extensive drift-bottle studies have been made. A system of drifting buoys tracked by satellites would provide valuable information to oceanographers, meteorologists, and fisheries research.
A New Species of Clypeaster (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) from San Felix Island, with a Key to the Recent Species of the Eastern Pacific Ocean
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1971-04) Serafy, Donald K.
Clypeaster isolatus sp. nov. is described from 61 specimens taken off San Felix Island. It is distinguished by its concave oral side, moderately high test (23 to 36 percent of the test length), broad paired petals, primary spines without a hyaline point, short, stout aboral primary spines and three to six primary tubercles on the ridge between the pore pairs. Data on test morphology are given for use in analysis of intraspecific variation. The new species is most closely related to C. australasiae from southeastern Australia. This affinity to the Australian fauna supports the theory of west-wind-drift dispersal.
Two Species of Caligus (Copepoda, Caligidae) from Australian Waters, with a Description of Some Developmental Stages
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1971-04) Hewitt, G.C.
Adult females, males, and five developmental stages of Caligus epidemicus n. sp. are described from material collected from bream (Mylio butcheri Munro, 1949) and mullet (Mugil cephalus L.; Alorichetta forsteri Cuv. and Val., 1836; Liza argentea Quoy and Gaimard, 1825; and Myxus elongans Gunther, 1861) during a population explosion of the parasite in the lower Mitchell River area, Victoria, Australia, associated with a period of high temperature and salinity; the adults can be distinguished from other species of Caligus by the possession of spines immediately posterior to first maxillae and to the interpodal plate of the first pereiopods, by abbreviated appearance of posterior part of body and by the rather short seta on inner distal angle of first pereiopod. Caligus eiongatus Nordmann, 1832, is recorded from Eubalichthys moaicus (Ramsay and Ogilby, 1888) for the first time, from Port Hacking.
The Ecology of the Scalloped Hammerhead Shark, Sphyrna lewini, in Hawaiil
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1971-04) Clarke, Thomas A.
Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, is a pupping ground for the scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini, the pups being most abundant between April and October. While in the bay, the pups stay in the most turbid areas by day and move out at night to reef areas where they feed on reef fishes and crustaceans. The pups spend a maximum of three to four months in the bay and then apparently leave nearshore areas. The total number of pups passing through Kaneohe Bay may be as high as 10,000 per year. Adult hammerheads are present inshore also between April and October. They apparently move in for delivery and breeding. Squid beaks in their stomachs indicate that the adults are pelagic the rest of the year-possibly living below the surface layers.
25:2 Table of Contents - Pacific Science
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1971-04)

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