2010 CRITICAL AND INTERCULTURAL THEORY AND LANGUAGE PEDAGOGY
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Item Epilogue. Paradigms in transition(Heinle Cengage Learning, 2010-01-01) Phipps, Alison; Levine, Glenn S.Item After the MLA report: Rethinking the links between literature and literacy, research, and teaching in foreign language departments(Heinle Cengage Learning, 2010-01-01) Arens, KatherineThis chapter takes up today’s literary and cultural theory as lacking attention to research and classroom implementation. The National Standards for Foreign Language Learning, I argue, can be used as a heuristic to develop these missing strategies, as they clarify what is at stake in learning culture. This chapter calls for a more responsible approach to curriculum, at all levels from beginner to graduate/professional, by focusing on appropriate stages of cognitive development and by insisting that the theory project be integrated into concrete and defensible pedagogical goals––an urgent necessity in a moment when institutional demands on humanities departments are forcing the encounter between theory and praxis.Item Cognitive grammar and its applicability in the foreign language classroom(Heinle Cengage Learning, 2010-01-01) Arnett, Carlee; Jernigan, HarriettThe theory of Cognitive Grammar (CG), despite its compatibility with preferred theories of instruction and teaching methodologies, has yet to make its way into the foreign language classroom. This chapter introduces CG, outlining the basic principles that are most useful in the language classroom: cognitive domains, which function well as instructional tools in a communicative classroom, and the concept of schemas and prototypes, which help students examine the relationships between syntax and meaning. A lesson plan illustrates how one applies the principles of CG to explicit grammar instruction, supplementing students’ grammatical metalanguage and establishing a cognitive domain the instructor can use for future grammar lessons. CG, because it encourages experimentation and interpretation, complements communicative language teaching and speaks to the goals of the report from the Modern Language Association (MLA) Ad Hoc Committee on Foreign Languages (MLA, 2007), which calls for teaching students translingual and transcultural competence at the secondary and postsecondary level.Item A social constructivist approach to foreign language writing in online environments(Heinle Cengage Learning, 2010-01-01) Elola, Idoia; Oskoz, AnaWhile communicative approaches promote collaboration in the classroom, linguistic and cultural content knowledge is often regarded as information to be transferred most effectively from teachers to learners. Applying sociocultural and socioconstructivist perspectives and taking critical pedagogy into consideration, this chapter discusses the implementation of curricular changes into two hybrid Spanish courses: an advanced writing course and a beginning-level Spanish course. The use of social tools such as wikis, chats, and discussion boards not only emphasized collaboration among participants but also generated and developed content and linguistic knowledge in what is called the architecture of participation. The pedagogical shift possible through the use of social tools reshaped the foreign language context setting by expanding the physical classroom into a larger e-classroom and creating writing communities that used a language of their own. Learners actively participated in a community of writers in which, through dialogue, they created knowledge and achieved common goals both through the integration of the group and through their own voice.Item Collaboration and interaction: The keys to distance and computer-supported language learning(Heinle Cengage Learning, 2010-01-01) Coleman, James A.; Hampel, Regine; Hauck, Mirjam; Stickler, UrsulaThis chapter describes the very practical approach to distance and online language learning that has allowed the United Kingdom’s largest university, The Open University (OU), to deliver effective language learning to tens of thousands of students over the past 15 years. It starts from theoretical underpinnings: critical pedagogy, the specifics of adult learners, the achievements and shortcomings of the communicative approach, sociocultural understandings of language learning, and the central role of interaction and collaboration in achieving both linguistic and intercultural outcomes. An enumeration of the particular challenges of learning languages at a distance—facilitating interaction, managing affect, and effectively integrating technologies—is followed by a concise review of the evolution of distance language learning and of relevant research. Issues such as evolving technologies, task design, and student anxiety are also addressed. Distance language education at the OU is conceived not just as a technical challenge but also as an undertaking that engages actively in social issues and the promotion of universal values. The student body is exceptionally inclusive, with a high proportion of disabled and otherwise disadvantaged learners. This social mission adds to the complexity of curriculum design and delivery; neither the materials nor the actual teaching follows conventional models. Providing opportunities for learner interaction is a pedagogic challenge that can be addressed by integrating telecollaborative activities into the language learning experience.Item Postcolonial complexities in foreign language education and the humanities(Heinle Cengage Learning, 2010-01-01) Train, Robert W.This chapter develops a critical perspective on foreign language education by drawing on postcolonial theory and research in order to better conceptualize and address the complexity of language education in terms of ecologies of interconnected spaces of policy, curriculum, and classroom practice. Starting from the basic classroom issue of linguistic diversity and variability, this chapter offers a critical approach to language in education that strives to “situate language study in cultural, historical, geographic, and cross-cultural frames within the context of humanistic learning” (Modern Language Association [MLA], 2007, p. 4). This chapter advocates a critical, transcultural, and translinguistic humanism grounded in decolonial practices of foreign language education that are theoretically informed, educationally relevant, socially engaged, and ethically accountable. The chapter also attempts to bring increased historical and critical depth to how foreign language educators understand and perform the teaching of language in ways that connect to transdisciplinary research concerns in the humanities and beyond.Item From core curricular to core identities: On critical pedagogy and foreign language/culture education(Heinle Cengage Learning, 2010-01-01) Brenner, DavidThis chapter argues that some form of critical pedagogy should be promoted and sustained in foreign language/culture education despite current ideological and social challenges to the paradigm. It is not readily apparent what form a twenty-first-century critical pedagogy, as a theoretically grounded praxis, should take. One option would be Gerald Graff’s systematic, curriculum-centered approach, which advocates the teaching of academic controversies. A second would derive from a classroom-centered, “bottom-up” approach as represented by Ira Shor, which focuses on the needs and concerns of those we teach. A third model, and the one argued for in this chapter, would develop an identity-centered, psychologically informed approach to developing students’ compassion in relation to others while examining the core causes of human behavior, based primarily on the work of Bracher (2006). At stake is whether foreign language/culture learners might respond to a “prosocial” pedagogy and revise their conventional “information-processing scripts” so as to approach or mediate other languages/ cultures with communicative and also with ethical competence.Item Framing ideas from classical language teaching, past and future(Heinle Cengage Learning, 2010-01-01) Parker, JanThe Modern Language Association (MLA) Ad Hoc Committee report (MLA, 2007) raises large questions about the teaching not only of modern languages but of all cultural studies. What was striking were the many challenges that resonate with classical language teaching. In the study and teaching of classical languages, we have access only to vestigial and overtly alien and often alienating texts; the impossibility of mother-tongue competence or total immersion in the other’s culture actually provides a relevantly comparative model of the effect on identity of various kinds of intercultural study and the claims that can be made for such study in a global, complex, and destabilizing world. This chapter thus endorses the call to rethink and disseminate the values of our two related disciplines; it is throughout argued that “theory” should bring all of us into “the MLA project”: to reflect on models, lenses, and paradigms that enable real innovation.Item Theorizations of intercultural communication(Heinle Cengage Learning, 2010-01-01) Dasli, MariaWithin the fields of applied linguistics and modern language education, intercultural communication has experienced two significant developmental turns. The first I call the traditional view of intercultural communication, which refers to the ability of language learners to confront the cultural practices of the Other with flexibility and tolerance. The second I term the critical view of intercultural communication, which encourages language learners to actively demonstrate their concerns by means of reasoned debate and reflective thinking when entering the intercultural arena. While recent years have seen a shift of focus toward the critical view without, however, dismissing flexible attitudes toward otherness, some language instructors exclusively favor the first view to the detriment of the second. In a time of large-scale migrations mobilized by the recent financial crisis and terrorist threats stimulated by the absence of dialogue between the East and the West, I suggest that we closely focus on the critical view of intercultural communication. Drawing on the works of major intercultural theorists, I discuss how intercultural communication has been brought to a position of refinement while additionally introducing the theory of communicative action (Habermas, 1984, 1989) as a means of elaborating the critical view of intercultural communication.Item The health care professional as intercultural speaker(Heinle Cengage Learning, 2010-01-01) Lu, Peih-ying; Corbett, JohnThis chapter considers points of contact and departure between intercultural language education and cross-cultural competence training in medicine. Educators in the fields of language education and medical communication have developed frameworks of intercultural competence that characterize the knowledge, attitudes, and skills that learners can draw on. While competence-based frameworks can guide curricula and audit programs, we argue that a language pedagogy also requires a process-oriented approach, a method of teaching and learning that sees the learner as a situated individual and an increasingly skilled practitioner. Medical students have the opportunity to become active and reflective practitioners in two complementary contexts: problem-based learning and the medical humanities. Additionally, medical students studying in a second or other language have the opportunity to use a variety of resources to explore how language is used in a wide range of health care contexts. Exploration of “authentic” instances of intercultural language encounters as well as online corpora of general and specific English provide an evidence base for the use of language in professional contexts and convey the everyday experience of being a patient, a caregiver, or an advocate.