Ph.D. - History
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Item The Way of the Hegemons: Politics and Hegemony in the Sixth Century and Early Seventh Century North China(2024) Wong, Wengpok; Wang, Wensheng; HistoryItem Tides of Law: Maritime Predation and International Law in the South China Sea, 1840-1950(2024) English, Lee Bryant; Wang, Wensheng; HistoryItem FRAMING A REVOLUTION: KOREA’S ENGLISH-LANGUAGE NEWSPAPERS IN 1960(2023) York, Rob; Kim, Cheehyung H.; HistoryItem E Tuai Tuai, Ta Te Māʻona Ai: A Food History Of Sāmoa(University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2023) Hillyer, Garrett Lowell; Hanlon, David; HistoryThis dissertation seeks to tell histories of Samoan food from the deep past to the contemporary period, with an eye toward the adoption and adaptation of food over time, and to answer the central research questions—how has “Samoan food,” contemporarily understood, come to be, and what implications have any changes in Samoan food had for the economy of Samoan polities and the health and wellness of Samoan people over time?The first chapter explores the interplay between history, orality, food, and contemporary sciences and social sciences. The chapter highlights five forms of orality—tala (stories, myths, or legends), fāgogo (fables or bedtime stories), alagāʻupu (proverbial sayings derived from tala), muāgagana (proverbial sayings akin to idioms), and gao (village nicknames)—showing how these forms use food to propagate history and core values of the FaʻaSāmoa. The chapter also shows how archaeologists, ethnobotanists, linguists, geneticists, and remote sensing methodologists utilizing LiDAR have all contributed to fields of knowledge surrounding the origins, use, and social significance of food in Sāmoa over time. The second, third, and fourth chapters are case studies that show how imported foods and beverages, which are often both deeply local and inherently transliminal histories unto themselves, are adopted into Samoan culture and adapted by Samoans over time. Focusing on corned beef, alcohol, and Samoan-style “Chop Suey,” respectively, these chapters highlight food’s material value, notions of taste, Indigenous resistance and protest to racism, and labor migration to Sāmoa. The fifth chapter, ʻO le Taumafa ma le Tupe, seeks to articulate the implications that changes in Samoan food had for the economies of both Samoan polities, with a particular focus on the efforts of leaders in either polity to use food as a commodity to gain increased self-sufficiency. Two case studies—one of Western Samoa Breweries Limited’s efforts to grow the brand of Vailima beer, and another of American Sāmoa Delegate-at-Large Fofō I.F. Sunia’s efforts to establish a pīsupo processing plant and exporting business in Pago Pago—drive the chapter’s analysis and narrative. Finally, Maʻi Suka explores contemporary issues of health and wellness in either Samoan polity and their historical connection to imported foods. Maʻi Suka explores drastic rises in cases of diabetes, obesity, and hypertension, all of which are noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) linked to diet.Item The Macao formula: a study of Chinese management of Westerners from the mid-sixteenth century to the opium war period(University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1978) Fok, Kai CheongItem Remaking The Pacific: Ecological Imagination And Transformation In France’s Pacific Island Empire 1842-1931(University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2022) Cavert, William Matthew; Lauzon, Matthew; HistoryThis study considers the projects behind particular forms of environmental change across France’s Pacific Empire. Specific attention is paid to the shifting nature of imagined, desired, and created environments as settlers, merchants, administrators, and islanders, among others, competed to manifest their vision over island landscapes. The study takes the 1931 Exposition coloniale internationale in Paris as emblematic of the colonial narratives that promoted, justified, and reinforced a particular colonial vision for the environment. It was a key moment for retrospectively considering the two developments analyzed in this study: the coffee plantation economy of New Caledonia and the phosphate mining operation on Makatea.Item Health, Welfare, and a Nation-In-Transition: The Philippine Sanidad in the Late U.S. Colonial Period(University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2022) Moralina, Aaron Rom Olimba; Andaya, Leonard Y.; Reiss, Suzanna J.; HistoryThe dissertation is a history of public health, medicine, and welfare in the late U.S. colonial Philippines. It argues that the late U.S. colonial period, roughly the late 1920s–1941, witnessed the emergence of the Sanidad, the health-centered welfare state that evolved from the health bureaucracy of the early years of colonial conquest. Already captured and predominantly administered by Filipino doctors, the Sanidad was endowed with an expansive public authority that encompassed various levels of policymaking and agenda-setting—from the departmental-ministerial, down to the level of the provincial municipio. At the eve of the Pacific War, the Sanidad's presence had been established throughout the Islands, from the capital Manila to the provinces. It deployed a variety of approaches, from the preventative to curative, from the medico-carceral to medico-technocratic, so much so that the Sanidad generated new forms of material, institutional, and symbolic power. Finally, the Sanidad brought about new articulations of health citizenship from several stakeholders, including public and private medical interests which clashed at various points in history on the issue of state-provided healthcare.Item Kāneikawaiola ma Mānoa: The Life-Giving Waters of Mānoa and a History of Water Rights in Hawaiʻi from Antiquity to 1900(University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2022) Hopkins, Jaime; Rosa, John P.; Kameeleihiwa, Lilikala; HistoryThis dissertation explores the history of water in Hawaiʻi and its importance not just as a necessity for life but also as a central agent in organizational and management systems, with a narrowed focus on the transitional period between 1840 and 1907. It begins with a conceptual understanding of wai, water, as an akua, environmental force. Due to its importance in sustaining life, the flow of water and access to it became the foundation for kānāwai, the word used for “law” in Hawaiian. The law of water was implemented through Ua-ala-ka-wai, the Mōʻī Māʻilikūkahi’s kānāwai that instituted the ahupuaʻa land divisions, and this dissertation argues that ahupuaʻa were shaped around access to ka wai ola, water that sustains life. The word “waiwai,” the reduplication of “wai,” also meant “value” or “wealth” thus indicating that water and its management was associated with abundance. Starting in the 1840s, land ownership and western-styled laws solidified boundaries and appurtenant water rights accompanied this petrification. This work will focus on the Private Ways & Water Rights Commission, the judicial body that governed water rights after the imposition of western-based legal structures. It then narrows the scope down to a case study of Mānoa on the island of Oʻahu by identifying the valley’s water sources, reviewing water management and usage, and analyzing several disputes over water in Mānoa and Kamōʻiliʻili between the 1870s and 1890s that were adjudicated by the Commission. These cases show that the imposition of land ownership in Mānoa precipitated the drying out of the land, thus proving that fair access to communal water is directly related to how well a community cooperated together and that the deterioration of a communal mindset correlates with the slow but sure transition to the individualization of water rights.Item Sacred Songs of the Central Altar: Texts and Histories of the Ritual Master in the Religious World of Southern Taiwan(University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2019) Flanigan, Stephen McIver; Davis, Edward L.; HistoryThis study examines the ritual manuscripts used by Ritual Masters in the Táinán region of southern Táiwān and shows that the kind of lyric invocations used in this and similar traditions employ literary conventions, ritual techniques, and religious symbols that developed in tandem with the broader Ritual Master tradition during the Sòng dynasty. In turn, the specific characteristics of these lyric invocations directly express the central elements of the Ritual Master tradition, while the history of these invocations and their related texts helps illuminate the historical formation of the tradition as a whole. To account for the nature of this broader tradition and its specific manifestations, I build on an earlier generation of scholarship to argue that the Ritual Master phenomenon is best understood as a historic movement, produced by interaction among Tantric adepts, Spirit-mediums, and Daoist exorcists, and that this movement manifests in two hemispheres or domains: one I call Tantric-Popular, and one more fully Daoist. Historical inquiry shows, however, that symbols and textual developments arising from ancient Daoist exorcism directly informed the entire movement and the genre of lyric invocations that would become the basis of those used across southeastern China, including in the Mínnán littoral and its diasporic communities. In examining the ritual world of temple religion, I argue that there is a fundamental linkage between healing rites for individuals and the cultic life of community temples, and that this essential linkage is reflected in the integrated symbols of the religious system. Moreover, the Ritual Master or Minor Rite tradition in the Mínnán littoral does not merely provide individual-oriented “minor rites” of healing, but is rather the main ritual tradition responsible for the establishment, reproduction, and maintenance of the temple cult itself, and that this role exhibits great historical depth, as fundamental elements of the Tantric-Popular Ritual Master tradition have become universally embedded within the structure of the temple-cult throughout the wider region, while certain Ritual Master rites are deemed mandatory to the establishment and maintenance of the temple-cult and its precinct. Furthermore, the extent of Daoist integration within the networked temples of the Common Religion is overwhelmingly expressed in the general orientation of temples toward the symbols of a Daoist Heaven as experienced through the Daoist Jiào altar and its analogue, the Lord of Heaven Temple. Within a single temple’s precinct, the Ritual Master and Spirit-medium tend to predominate, but where multiple temples are joined into temple-alliance networks, rites which mobilize the entire extended network tend to be large-scale Daoist Jiào. Hence there is a direct relationship between temple precinct organizations and the performance of Daoist ritual in Táinán (and elsewhere), though previous Western scholarship of Daoism in Táinán has not taken notice of these precinct alliance networks despite their central importance. This study also argues that in Chinese historical sources of all kinds, the terms Wū 巫 and Wū-xí 巫覡, which originally meant “Spirit-medium,” acquired a dual reference following the emergence of the Tantric-Popular Ritual Master in the Sòng, and that where historical texts of many kinds refer to both Spirit-mediums and Ritual Masters as Wū, such usage is not merely the result of confusion or conflation, but reflects the specific relationships, historical and performative, that bind these two primary ritual experts of the Common Religion together. While Tantric-Popular Ritual Masters came to be labeled as Wū in these sources, Daoists are consistently excluded from this category, which further indicates the specificity with which historical authors used these terms. From late imperial gazetteers and other sources, we can observe the cultural and geographic ubiquity of Ritual Masters and Spirit-mediums in Fújiàn and Táiwān from the Sòng dynasty and into the 20th century.Item He Kami Initini: How Native Hawaiian Governance And American Indian Policy Became Linked In The Nineteenth Century(University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2019) Buchanan, Shirley Elaine; Reiss, Suzanna; HistoryIn the nineteenth-century, Native Hawaiian governance and American Indian policy in the U.S. were connected, reverberating across the Pacific and back in a loop of proactive and reactive legislation. This study follows an arc of history from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries to the year 1887. In this period, an “American” space was problematically tested and defined, but that space was only possible by dispossessing others of their space. My dissertation asserts that the development of what became American governance was intricately linked to the power of indigenous places. Those policies live on with us today in America and get imported and transformed around the world “as needed.” This dissertation seeks to consider troublesome questions in U.S. history and assert new connections between Native American, Native Hawaiian, and American developments in the nineteenth century. It shows that the expansion of the U.S. and the fulfillment of an American national paradigm hinged on the interactions and negotiations that were cultivated with native people. These negotiations became the founding principles of American domestic and international policies and traversed territory from New England to Oʻahu. What is more, the negotiators between and within nations were frequently women, and native people interacted with and learned from the experiences of other indigenous nations as they encountered American imperialist ambitions. Following social, religious, political, legislative, cultural and commercial networks across both Euro-American and indigenous worlds, this research disrupts notions that Native American and Native Hawaiian governmental policies were separate and distinct entities, uninfluenced by one another and thus "by-products" of "manifest destiny." Additionally, the research reveals the emerging concepts of "rightful" possession of land and the patriarchal ambitions of American colonizers. Most importantly, this study focuses on the women absented from traditional histories of the period, “recovering” the integral space that women – both native and non-native – created and governed, acting as authorities and mediators in policymaking, challenging suppression, and ultimately altering the trajectory of indigenous and American destinies.