M.A. - History
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Item GREAT BRITAIN’S VIEWS OF EXISTING CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAWS REGARDING WARFARE DURING AND AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR, 1939–48(2024) Ehrhart, Samuel Copeland; Hoffenberg, Peter H.; HistoryItem Siva Siva Mai: SIVA SĀMOA AND SAMOAN WOMEN IN DIASPORA(2024) Schwalger, Tess Elizabeth; LaBriola, Monica C.; HistoryItem British colonial constructions of the “half-caste” category in world-historical perspective(2024) Chew, Carissa Tarmin; Chew, Carissa T.; HistoryItem The Epic Life of Taiwanese-Japanese Soldier Kan Shigematsu (1925-2000)(2024) Wu , Han-Ling; Brown, Shana J.; HistoryItem “So What:” Jazz Musicians and French Critics in Dialogue, 1918-1959(2023) Holck, Noah; Matteson, Kieko; HistoryItem Gold And Wood: Material Culture And Ritual In Precolonial And Catholic Philippines(University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2023) Smith, Madison; Lanzona, Vina; HistoryWhen Ferdinand Magellan landed in what would become the Philippine archipelago, the crew of the circumnavigation voyage was struck by the amount of gold that the indigenous peoples carried. The subsequent interactions between Magellan’s crew and the indigenous peoples of the Visayan islands set the stage for over 300 years of Spanish colonialism and Christianization. However, they did not just find gold in the Philippines. The Spanish also encountered a rich culture that included animist elements, and wood was an important material for the indigenous communities of the archipelago. There have been a plethora of works that have addressed the contexts of indigenous resistance and negotiation in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period, and this work attempts to investigate the presence of this negotiation within the context of material cultures. Through the materials of gold and wood, I argue that the use of material culture shows clear indications of this syncretic process during the Spanish colonial period.Item How the Ainu Became Jōmonese: Ainu Ancestry Through Japanese Eyes(University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2023) Truchon, Sarah; McNally, Mark T.; HistoryDespite only being declared Japan’s indigenous people in 2019, the Ainu within its borders have long been associated with the Jōmon, the archipelago’s earliest known inhabitants. Unpacking the labels of “Jōmon” and “Ainu” reveals the traits that caused these two peoples to be almost exclusively joined together in the first place, which in turn helped to influence the Ainu’s ability to claim indigeneity. Through this paper, I aim to show that the ways in which the Japanese have looked at the Ainu, from the time when Japanese chroniclers first started recording their state’s history to the present day, has contributed to the association of Hokkaidō’s indigenes with the Jōmon. Starting with the Emishi, the people(s) living on the outskirts of the Japanese polity were looked down on as barbaric or backwards in comparison to the refined Japanese. These views, while generally remaining static into the Meiji period, could shift depending on socio-political necessity and the acquisition of new ways of understanding their subjects, eventually culminating in a theory that the Neolithic residents of Japan and the Ainu were related. This theory was later confirmed by bioanthropological findings. Further reinforcing the bond are the ways in which the Ainu and their culture are currently presented to the Japanese public through museum exhibits and events.Item The Bank For International Settlements And The Rise Of Financial And Political Instability, 1919-1948(University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2022) Wrenn, Christopher Scott; Daniel, Marcus; HistoryThis thesis argues that the creation of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) was part of a significantly broader plan to stabilize international finance through the promotion of core democratic and capitalist policies to thwart Soviet communism and stimulate Western private commercial interests. In particular, a triune core is posited to explain the enduring coordination and cooperation exhibited by the United States, Great Britain, and Germany in creating the world’s first international financial institution, as well as in defending it, once the Bank was targeted for liquidation for alleged financial malfeasance. The establishment of the BIS formalized the nascent underpinnings of a long-standing interest in creating an international bank by the Bank of England, the Reichsbank and the US Federal Reserve. One of the ironies of this multinational birth was the tremendous instability that was injected into global finance and the postwar geopolitical situation just as the Bank for International Settlements became established in the early years of the Great Depression. The source of these destabilizing tendencies could be seen to arise from the same financial instruments which were extolled as the keys to stabilizing international finance: access to internationally recognized credit and loans. This thesis provides a coherent narrative of events involved in the conception, creation and operation of the Bank in the period from the signing of the Versailles Treaty in 1919 to the decision to rescue the BIS from liquidation in 1948.Item A Kanaka ʻōiwi Affair: Native Hawaiian Resistance To U.S. Federal Recognition At The 2014 Interior Department Hearings In Hawaiʻi(University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2022) Kanaeholo, Kale K A; Rosa, John P.; HistoryIn the summer of 2014, the U.S. Department of the Interior embarked on a two-week journey throughout the Hawaiian Islands to seek a consensus on a proposed administrative rule that would allow Native Hawaiians to seek federal recognition and reestablish a government-to-government relationship with the United States. Meetings were held in community spaces across Hawaiʻi and the continental United States where testifiers overwhelmingly said ʻaʻole (no) to the proposal—a rejection of U.S. intervention in a uniquely Kanaka affair. This thesis highlights Kanaka ʻŌiwi (Native Hawaiian) resistance to the U.S. federal government’s federal recognition push in summer 2014. This project also contains a discussion on key government officials who advocated for federal recognition, most notably then-Assistant Secretary of the Interior Esther Kiaʻāina. Kiaʻāina was the next generation in a long genealogy of Native Hawaiians who sought to provide “better” for the Lāhui (nation, people). Her active participation on United States’ behalf created an opportunity for Kānaka (Native Hawaiians) to speak with a senior administration official, although some believed she was the incorrect liaison for such an issue. The project also examines the meeting transcripts through a critical historical lens. Introductions and even full testimonies were reduced to “Speaking Hawaiian” in the official DOI transcripts. The omission of Hawaiian language from these records thus served two purposes: suppressing Native Hawaiian voices and misinforming the Interior Department’s final decision.Item The Charge of Command Responsibility: An Examination of Command Responsibility in the Post-World War II War Crime Trials of Axis Powers(University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2022) Bushell, Peter; Totani, Yuma; HistoryFollowing the Second World War, the Allied Powers conducted a series of ground-breaking war crime trials to seek justice for atrocities committed by Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany. These trials produced the legal doctrine of command responsibility; a principle that addresses a military commander’s accountability for the crimes of their troops, even if they did not order or authorize the commission of the crimes. The legacy of how command responsibility was implemented is significant not only for its first problematic precedent but because of the lessons it holds for current international war crime courts. This work examines the first Japanese war crime trials that dealt with command responsibility (that of General Yamashita and Lt. General Homma) and contrasts them with two later but comparable German trials (the High Command and Hostage Cases). While scholarship on Japanese war crimes trials has recently burgeoned in the last decade, no close comparison has ever been made between German and Japanese command responsibility cases. Contrasting differences in the trials’ procedures, conviction criteria, and final judgments are vital to achieving a better understanding of the evolution of command responsibility. The present study utilizes trial records, military reports, and war-era accounts to analyze these four trials and examines the possible outcomes of placing the Japanese defendants on trial while applying the conviction criteria used during the German Cases.