National Family Health Survey Subject Reports

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Wanted and unwanted fertility in selected states of India
(Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 1998) Kulkarni, Sumati; Choe, Minja Kim
This report proposes new measures of wanted and unwanted fertility based on actual and wanted parity progression ratios and applies these procedures to NFHS data for eight states in India. In four large states with high fertility, levels of wanted fertility are high, at three or more children per married woman, and the proportion unwanted ranges from 20 to 28 percent of total marital fertility. In three states with moderate fertility, the proportion unwanted ranges from 31 to 34 percent. In Kerala, wanted fertility is already at replacement level, and there is very little unwanted fertility. Multivariate analysis indicates that education, religion, exposure to family planning messages on radio or television, experience of child loss, and son preference are important determinants of contraceptive use among women who want no more children. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support.
Fertility in India
(Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 1998) Gandotra, M.M.; Retherford, Robert D.; Pandey, Arvind; Luther, Norman Y.; Mishra, Vinod K.
An analysis of fertility differentials by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics reveals a wide diversity in the total fertility rate among Indian states. Total fertility tends to be high among women who live in rural areas, have little education, are Muslim, or belong to scheduled castes or tribes. Parity progression ratios tend to be high among women who have experienced one or more child deaths. They are low among women with one or more living sons and among women who are regularly exposed to the electronic mass media. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support.
Factors affecting sex-selective abortion in India and 17 major states
(Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 2003) Retherford, Robert D.; Roy, T.K.
Birth histories collected during the first and second National Family Health Surveys (NFHS-1 and NFHS-2) show an unusually large proportion of male births in some population groups, which suggests that female fetuses are being aborted. Male births are particularly overrepresented in certain western and northern states, in families that already have daughters but no sons, and among women with a high level of education and media exposure. Analysis of women's ideal sex ratio (the ratio of ideal number of sons to ideal number of daughters) indicates that son preference is declining in almost all states and socioeconomic groups. Nevertheless, ideal sex ratios are still much higher than the biological norm, implying that considerable potential exists for further increases in levels of sex-selective abortion. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support. Printed copies are available from the East-West Center Research Program, Population and Health Studies. Single copies are available free by airmail and may be reproduced for educational use.
Does community access affect the use of health and family welfare services in rural India?
(Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 2001) Das, N.P.; Mishra, Vinod K.; Saha, P.K.
Focused on NFHS-1 results from India's four large northern states Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and Rajasthan this analysis shows that variations in utilization of family planning and maternal and child health services are explained mainly by variations in household- and individual-level socioeconomic and demographic factors, not by variation in community access to services. Apparently family planning and maternal and child health services are available at a sufficient level in rural India so that further improvements in physical accessibility alone will not make a substantial difference in the propensity to use these services. Quality of services is likely also to be important, but NFHS-1 did not assess service quality. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support. Printed copies are available from the East-West Center Research Program, Population and Health Studies. Single copies are available free by airmail and may be reproduced for educational use.
Alternative contraceptive methods and fertility decline in India
(Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 1998) Pathak, K.B.; Feeney, Griffith; Luther, Norman Y.
The Indian family welfare program has been dominated for decades by a reliance on female sterilization. NFHS results, however, show that Indian women tend to undergo sterilization only after giving birth to many children. This finding implies that further reliance on sterilization is not likely to reduce total fertility much below the current level of 3.4 children per woman. Efforts to continue India's fertility decline need to place more emphasis on temporary contraceptive methods. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support. Printed copies are available from the East-West Center Research Program, Population and Health Studies. Single copies are available free by airmail and may be reproduced for educational use.
Comparison of fertility estimates from India's Sample Registration System and National Family Health Survey
(Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 1997) Narasimhan, R.L.; Retherford, Robert D.; Mishra, Vinod K.; Arnold, Fred; Roy, T.K.
A comparison of trends for 1978-92 shows that fertility has fallen faster than indicated by the National Registration System (SRS) but more slowly than indicated by the NFHS. The true level of fertility during 1988-92 was probably somewhat higher than indicated by either source. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support. Printed copies are available from the East-West Center Research Program, Population and Health Studies. Single copies are available free by airmail and may be reproduced for educational use.
Promoting institutional deliveries in rural India : the role of antenatal-care services
(Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 2001) Sugathan, K.S.; Mishra, Vinod K.; Retherford, Robert D.
This report examines the role of existing antenatal-care services in promoting institutional delivery in rural areas. The analysis is based on NFHS-1 results from four Indian states Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, and Rajastan. Mothers who receive antenatal check-ups are two to five times more likely to give birth in a medical institution than mothers who did not receive antenatal check-ups. Mother's age and education and child's birth order also have strong effects on the likelihood of institutional delivery, and household standard of living has a substantial effect in most cases. Contrary to expectation, access to health services does not generally have a statistically significant effect. These results suggest that it may be possible to increase institutional deliveries by promoting antenatal check-ups without having to build additional hospitals. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support. Printed copies are available from the East-West Center Research Program, Population and Health Studies. Single copies are available free by airmail and may be reproduced for educational use.
Child nutrition in India
(Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 1999) Mishra, Vinod K.; Lahiri, Subrata; Luther, Norman Y.
NFHS-1 results indicate that the Government of India's Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) has met with limited success in Madhya Pradesh. Only 29 percent of children age 12 23 months are fully immunized. Among the six diseases covered by the UIP, immunization rates are lowest for measles. Full immunization coverage reduces child mortality substantially. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support. Printed copies are available from the East-West Center Research Program, Population and Health Studies. Single copies are available free by airmail and may be reproduced for educational use.
Unmet need for family planning in Uttar Pradesh
(Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 1996) Devi, D. Radha; Rastogi, Sita Ram; Retherford, Robert D.
In Uttar Pradesh, 30 percent of currently married women of reproductive age have an unmet need for family planning. The percentage of total need that is unmet is especially high among women who are Muslim, who live in rural areas, who are illiterate, whose husbands are illiterate, who belong to scheduled tribes, and who are not exposed to media messages on family planning. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support.
Factors affecting source of family planning services in India
(Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 1999) Nair, P. Sadasivan
About four-fifths of all couples who use modern family planning methods in India obtain contraception from government sources. The proportion of couples using private-sector sources appears to be increasing, although levels vary considerably by socioeconomic status and by state. Women who live in urban areas and who have relatively high levels of education are more likely than other women to use private-sector sources of family planning. Contrary to expectations, there is little relationship between the proportion of women using private-sector family planning services in a state and state-level fertility rates. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support. Printed copies are available from the East-West Center Research Program, Population and Health Studies. Single copies are available free by airmail and may be reproduced for educational use.
Are the WHO guidelines on breastfeeding appropriate for India?
(Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 2000) Anandaiah, Ravilla; Choe, Minja Kim
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that children in developing countries should be exclusively breastfed up to 4 6 months of age. According to NFHS-1 results, both exclusive and nonexclusive (with supplements) breastfeeding lower mortality during early infancy. A surprising finding is that breastfeeding with supplements is more beneficial than exclusive breastfeeding, even for children at very young ages (less that four months). The reason appears to be that mothers who are poorly nourished and in poor health themselves may not provide adequate breast milk for their growing infants. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support. Printed copies are available from the East-West Center Research Program, Population and Health Studies. Single copies are available free by airmail and may be reproduced for educational use.
Reasons for discontinuing and not intending to use contraception in India
(Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 1999) Mishra, Vinod K.; Retherford, Robert D.; Nair, P. Sadasivan; Feeney, Griffith
Among currently married women age 13-49 who discontinued using contraception, 38 percent did so because of a method-related problem or method failure. The proportion who discontinued for these reasons varies widely by state but not by socioeconomic group. Fifteen percent of women who do not use contraception and who do not intend to use contraception in the future report method-related problems as their main reason for not intending to use contraception, while 9 percent mention opposition to family planning. The proportion reporting method-related problems or opposition to family planning is particularly high among women in the prime reproductive ages and women not regularly exposed to electronic mass media. The proportion reporting opposition to family planning is particularly high among Muslim women. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support. Printed copies are available from the East-West Center Research Program, Population and Health Studies. Single copies are available free by airmail and may be reproduced for educational use.
Knowledge and use of oral rehydration therapy for childhood diarrhoea in India : effects of exposure to mass media
(Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 1998) Rao, K.V.; Mishra, Vinod K.; Retherford, Robert D.
Despite the Indian Government's vigorous Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) Programme, conducted for more than a decade, very few children who fall ill with diarrhoea are treated with ORT or increased fluids. Many of the children who receive treatment from a health facility or provider are given unnecessary, and sometimes harmful, antibiotics and other antidiarrhoeal drugs, but not ORT. These findings indicate a lack of awareness of proper treatment of diarrhoea not only among mothers but also among health-care providers. The analysis shows clearly, however, that mother's exposure to radio, television, and cinema increases awareness and use of ORT. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support. Printed copies are available from the East-West Center Research Program, Population and Health Studies. Single copies are available free by airmail and may be reproduced for educational use.
Infant and child mortality in India
(Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 1998) Pandey, Arvind
Between 1981 and 1990, infant mortality declined 23 percent in India and child mortality declined 34 percent, but mortality rates are still high. Sex differentials in infant and child mortality reflect strong son preference in many states. Among socioeconomic background characteristics, mother's literacy, access to a flush or pit toilet, membership in a scheduled caste or tribe, and household economic level have substantial effects on infant and child mortality. Demographic characteristics, including birth order, mother's age at childbirth, length of previous and subsequent birth intervals, and mortality of an older sibling, all have substantial effects. Mother's tetanus immunization during pregnancy is strongly associated with reduced neonatal mortality. These results suggest that minimizing the number of births to very young mothers, encouraging mothers to space births by at least 24 months, and avoiding high-order births will all substantially enhance the survival chances of children in India. Family health programs should also emphasize tetanus immunization for all pregnant mothers. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support. Printed copies are available from the East-West Center Research Program, Population and Health Studies. Single copies are available free by airmail and may be reproduced for educational use.
Child immunization in Madhya Pradesh
(Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 2000) Munshi, Rakesh; Lee, Sang-Hyop
NFHS-1 results indicate that the Government of India's Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) has met with limited success in Madhya Pradesh. Only 29 percent of children age 12 23 months are fully immunized. Among the six diseases covered by the UIP, immunization rates are lowest for measles. Full immunization coverage reduces child mortality substantially. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support. Printed copies are available from the East-West Center Research Program, Population and Health Studies. Single copies are available free by airmail and may be reproduced for educational use.
Son preference and its effect on fertility in India
(Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 1997) Mutharayappa, R.
The effect of son preference on fertility varies substantially by region and state. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support. Printed copies are available from the East-West Center Research Program, Population and Health Studies. Single copies are available free by airmail and may be reproduced for educational use.
Mother's employment and infant and child mortality in India
(Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Calverton, Maryland: Macro International Inc., 1998) Kishor, Sunita; Parasuraman, Sulabha
A multivariate analysis of births during the four years before the NFHS shows that mortality rates are higher for children age 12-47 months if their mothers are employed. Mortality is higher for children age 0-11 months if their mothers are employed at home or outside the home for cash. Mother's employment has a greater adverse effect on the mortality of sons than of daughters. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support. Printed copies are available from the East-West Center Research Program, Population and Health Studies. Single copies are available free by airmail and may be reproduced for educational use.
An evaluation of recent estimates of fertility trends in India
(Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 2001) Retherford, Robert D.; Mishra, Vinod K.
A comparative analysis of data from India's Sample Registration System (SRS) and from two recent National Family Health Surveys (NFHS-1 in 1992–93 and NFHS-2 in 1998–99) indicates major discrepancies in fertility estimates. For India as a whole, the true total fertility rate (TFR) for 1990–92 was probably around 3.92 children per woman. The true TFR for 1996–98 was probably between 3.39 and 3.55 children per woman. The analysis demonstrates that calculating TFR estimates for the three-year period immediately preceding a survey does not work well in India. In NFHS-1 and NFHS-2, widespread ignorance of children's ages resulted in substantial displacement of births to earlier years, producing an underestimation of the TFR for the most recent three-year period. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support. Printed copies are available from the East-West Center Research Program, Population and Health Studies. Single copies are available free by airmail and may be reproduced for educational use.
Maternal education and the utilization of maternal and child health services in India
(Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Calverton, Maryland: Macro International Inc., 1997) Govindasamy, Pavalavalli; Ramesh, B.M.
Using NFHS data for selected states in northern and southern India, the authors show that mother's schooling results in improved child survival because educated mothers use health services that effectively prevent fatal childhood diseases to a greater extent than do mothers with little or no education. Regression analysis indicates that the benefits of mother's education persist even when other socioeconomic factors are taken into account. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support.
Contraceptive use in India, 1992-93
(Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 1996) Ramesh, B.M.; Gulati, S.C.; Retherford, Robert D.
Knowledge of contraception is almost universal among currently married women, but only 42 percent actually use family planning. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support.

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