Primary Frequency Response Reserve Products for Inverter-Based Resources

Abstract

Primary frequency control in power systems is being challenged by the large-scale integration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) because they do not typically respond to frequency fluctuations. This paper suggests introducing new reserve products into the electricity market that provide incentive for IBRs to contribute to primary frequency control in ways that take advantage of their fast-acting capabilities. In addition to a Primary Frequency Response (PFR) reserve product, which accommodates standard droop control, we suggest introducing a Fast Frequency Response (FFR) reserve product, a reserve product for Virtual Inertia (VI), which is also known as synthetic inertia, and an inertia product. We adopt a reserve requirement that guarantees sufficient primary frequency response reserve to adequately arrest frequency decline in response to a large generator outage within a certain margin. We place this reserve requirement into a real-time co-optimization problem, derive prices for each product and analyze the incentives provided to IBRs.