Pacific Science Volume 24, Number 4, 1970

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10125/3264

Pacific Science is a quarterly publication devoted to the biological and physical sciences of the Pacific Region.

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24: Index - Pacific Science
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1970)
A Morphological and Mineralogical Study of the Gray Hydromorphic Soils of the Hawaiian Islands!
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1970-10) Hussain, M.S.; Swindale, L.D.
Gray hydromorphic soils are imperfectly to poorly drained soils that occur on the coastal fringes of the Hawaiian Islands on surfaces of Pleistocene to Recent age. Mottling is characteristic of the soils, and gley horizons occur in the more hydromorphic soils in the group . As the soils become hydromorphic, soil color values increase and structures deteriorate. Halloysite is the dominant clay mineral in the less hydromorphic soils and montmorillonite is dominant in the more hydromorphic soils of the group . The montmorillonite is iron-rich and in one soil has the formula (XO.74Ko.1l) (Si7.52Al0.48)^IV (Al1.85Fe1.60^3+MgO.35Ti0. l0 )^VI O20(OH)4. Hydrated halloysite occurs in all the soils studied, but it is most abundant in the more hydromorphic soils. Although the soils are derived from different alluvial materials, the trend of increasing montmorillonite and increasing hydrated halloysite with increasing hydromorphism is clearly related to the pedogenic processes operating in the soils. Similar mineralogical trends are found with increasing depth in each soil.
Seismic Studies of Subsurface Structure in the Ewa Coastal Plain, Oahu, Hawaii
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1970-10) Furumoto, A.S.; Campbell, J.F.; Hussong, D.M.
Seismic studies using well-logging, refraction, and reflection methods were carried out in 1965 in conjunction with a core-sample drilling project in the Ewa Coastal Plain, Oahu, Hawaii. The seismic well-logging technique gave a complicated velocity-depth profile, with higher velocities associated with reef limestone and lower velocities associated with mud deposits. The seismic refraction method showed a simpler velocity-depth profile with only a few distinct layers. The seismic reflection method corroborated the simpler profile obtained with the refraction method. The two profiles were reconciled, as the complicated profile can be averaged out into the simpler profile. The averaging-out process can be applied to the whole sedimentary column so that a P-wave velocity value may represent the sedimentary layer at any given locality. However, no single value can be assigned as typical for sedimentary layers for the entire Hawaiian area. The velocity values depend upon the composition of the layer, which is made up of varying proportions of mud, reef limestone, and weathered basalt. Layer 2 of the oceanic crust in the Hawaiian area has a rather uniform character, with seismic velocities ranging from 4.8 to 5.1 km/sec, and thicknesses from 4 to 8 km.
Record of the Brahminy Blind Snake, Typhlops braminus, from the Island of Hawaii
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1970-10) Lieberman, Diana D.; Lieberman, Milton E.
A Second Prionotus birostratus Richardson, with Notes on the Distribution of Prionotus in the Southeastern Pacific Ocean (Pisces, Triglidae)
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1970-10) Gruchy, C.G.
The second specimen of Prionotus birostratu s Richardson, 1845, is described and figured; its known range is extended southward approximately 1,000 miles from the Gulf of Fonseca to Ecuador. Significant range extensions for P. horrens (southward to Ecuador) and for P. loxias and P. albirostris (west to the Galapagos Archipelago) are included. These four species are new to the fauna of Ecuador. The distribution of all species of Prionotus known in the southeastern Pacific Ocean is summarized.
Two New Species of Frogfishes (Antennariidae) from Easter Island
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1970-10) Allen, Gerald R.
Two new species of frogfishes, Antennarius randalli and Antennarius moai, are described from Easter Island. The closest relative of the former is A. pauciradictus and of the latter, A. verrucosus, both from the western Atlantic.
A Review of the Eel Genera Leptenchelys and Muraenichthys, with the Description of a New Genus, Schismorhynchus , and a New Species, Muraenichthys chilensis
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1970-10) McCosker, John E.
The echeline genus Leptenchelys is recognized as monotypic and differs markedly from Muraenichthys. Schismorhynchus, genus novum, is erected for Muraenichthys labialis Seale. The genus Muraenichthys contains 19 known species in the tropical, subtropical, and temperate Indo-Pacific Ocean. M. chilensis, a new species showing affinities to southern Australian congeners, is the first known from the New World. The present distribution of Muraenichthys and of the closely related genera Schultzidia and Schismorhynchus is perhaps explained by paleogeography, paleoclimatology, and adult habitat preferences. Muraenichthys species may be grouped by differences in posterior nostril condition, dentition, and head pore placement. The following changes in taxonomy are proposed : Leptenchelys pinnaceps Schultz = Callechelys melanotaenia Bleeker. Muraenichthys tasmaniensis McCulloch and Scolenchelys tasmaniensis smithi Whitley = Muraenichthys vermiformis Peters. M. ogilbyi Fowler = M. macropterus Bleeker.
A Key to the Genera of the Ophichthid Eels, with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Three New Species from the Eastern Pacific
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1970-10) Rosenblatt, Richard H.; McCosker, John E.
A key is presented to distinguish the 44 recognized genera of the Ophichthidae. Two new genera are described: Ethadophis, represented by E. byrnei n, sp. (the genotype) and E. merenda n, sp., and Leuropharus (genotype L. lasiops n. sp.). The following new generic synonymies are proposed: Omocbelys Fowler 1918 = Pisoodonophis Kaup, 1856; Hesperomyrus Myers and Storey, 1939 = Myrophis Lutken, 1851; Cryptopterygium Ginsburg 1951 = Callechelys Kaup, 1856.
Mucous Envelope Formation in Two Species of Hawaiian Parrotfishes (Genus Scarus)
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1970-10) Byrne, John E.
Some parrotfishes have developed a unique capacity to form a mucous envelope at night. Scarus dubius and S. perspicillatus are two Hawaiian species that exhibit envelope-building behavior. Laboratory experiments indicate that envelope formation is promoted by darkness, and is inhibited by constant light. The completed envelope is a transparent, mucous cocoon surrounding the fish. A mass of glandular tissue was found in the buccal cavity of S. dubius and S. perspicillatuS. It is suggested that this tissue is the envelope-producing gland.
The Effect of Starvation on the Lipid and Carbohydrate Levels of the Gut of the Tropical Sea Urchin Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville)
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1970-10) Lawrence, J.M.
The utilization during starvation of the nutrient reserves in the gut of a temperate water sea urchin , Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, was measured by Lawrence et al. (1966) . There have been no investigations of the utilization of reserves in the gut of tropical urchins, although the level of reserves in the gut of several tropical species has been reported (Giese et al., 1964; Lawrence, 1967). The results presented in this paper concern the levels of total lipid, neutral lipid, and carbohydrate, and the changes that occur with starvation in the gut of the tropical sea urchin Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville).
Food Habits of the Gastropod Mitra litterata Lamarck: Relation to Trophic Structure of the Intertidal Marine Bench Community in Hawaii
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1970-10) Kohn, Alan J.
The stenoglossan gastropod Mitra litterata Lamarck, common on intertidal solution benches on Oahu, preys on sipunculids occurring in burrows in reef limestone. Phascolosoma scolops Selenka and DeMan is the main component of the diet. Phascolosoma sp. cf. P. heronis Edmonds and Aspidosiphon elegans Chamisso and Eysenhardt are also eaten. This is the first report of the nature of the food of a member of the family Mitridae. Mitra litterata belongs to a distinct trophic subweb from other co-occurring predatory gastropods of similar size and population density-Morula granulata (Duclos), which preys mainly on herbivorous gastropods, and Conus spp., which eat herbivorous polychaetes.
Interspecific Shell Fighting in Three Sympatric Species of Hermit Crabs in Hawaii
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1970-10) Hazlett, Brian A.
Interspecific competition is often difficult to measure due to the lack of a definitive limiting factor for the two (or more) species. The gastropod shell inhabited by a hermit crab represents a very discrete, definable portion of the ecological needs of every animal. A hermit crab must have protection for its soft abdomen or it will rather quickly be eaten. In addition, the ritualized shell fighting behavior patterns of hermit crabs (Hazlett, 1966a, 1966b, 1967) offer an easily observed specific behavioral parameter which reflects the extent of interspecific vs. intraspecific competition for this ecological factor.
Epicarids (Isopoda) of Eniwetok Atoll
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1970-10) Danforth, Charles G.
The collecting of parasitic isopods in the Epicaridea suborder has not been intensive in the north central Pacific, even though many forms have been reported from the bordering continents and major islands. It is therefore to be expected that additional representatives of the four included families (Bopyridae, Cryptoniscidae, Dajidae, and Entoniscidae) will soon be discovered in Oceania.
Cyrtandra rotumaensis (Gesneriaceae) of Rotoma Island. Pacific Plant Studies 20
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1970-10) St. John, Harold
The genus Cyrtandra extends from Malaya to eastern Polynesia, and includes some 600 species. The writer in 1938 made collections of the flora of Rotuma Island, an isolated, low, volcanic island that is situated about 300 miles north of the Fiji Archipelago. Only one species of Cyrtandra was discovered there, but it was notable in being a halophyte and in being poisonous. The nearest high land is in Fiji, so it is not surprising that the closest relative of the Rotuman species is one found in Fiji.
The Genus Sicyos (Cucurbitaceae) on the Hawaiian Leeward Islands. Hawaiian Plant Studies 35
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1970-10) St. John, Harold
Marine Algae of Amchitka Island (Aleutian Islands). II. Bonnemaisoniaceae
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1970-10) Wynne, Michael J.
Pleuroblepharis stichidophora gen. et sp. nov., from Amchitka Island in the Aleutian Island s, is described as new to science. This taxon is the only representative of the Bonnemaisoniaceae (Nemaliales, Rhodophyta) collected at Amchitka. It is distinguished from other members of the family by the presence of macroscopic tetrasporophytes with compound tetrasporangial stichidia arising along the margins of laminate axes. These tetrasporic branchlets are homologous to indeterminate branches. Gland cells with brownish contents are present over the surface of the laminate axes and also on the stichidia . Although numerous specimens have been collected, tetrasporic plants are the only fertile stages observed so far.
Micropaleontology of a Miocene Core from the Western Tropical Pacific
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1970-10) Resig, Johnanna M.; Ling, Hsin Y.; Stadum, Carol J.
In January 1968, members of the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics recovered a sediment core (S67-31) 110 cm long from the western tropical Pacific at 05°03.5'N, 166°56.2'E (Fig. 1). The sediment was cored by free-fall device in a water depth of 4,795 meters. This corer caused relatively little disturbance to the sedimentary layers of the core, which consist of thin Quaternary deposits overlying Miocene with well-preserved radiolarian assemblages. The microfaunal sequence is documented herein.
24:4 Table of Contents - Pacific Science
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1970-10)

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