Reynolds, Katsue A.
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Item type: Item , Murakami shosetsu ni okeru "onna kotoba": Women’s language in the novels of Murakami Haruki(2014-05-06) れいのるず秋葉, かつえ; Reynolds, Katsue A.村上春樹の初期の作品は、仮想世界の物語である。固有名がないこと、会話文の過剰なステレオタイプ化が、非現実性を醸し出している。『ノルウエイの森」は作家自身の世界との関わり方についての転換とともに起こった、小説手法の転換であった。言語学的に言えば、『固有名消去」と「会話文の過剰なステレオタイプ化』から『固有名回復」と『会話文の現実接近」への、意識的な転換であった。Item type: Item , Calling for Anti-Shogun Movement - Inventing Modern Self in Letter Writing -(2014-05-02) れいのるず秋葉, かつえ; Reynolds, Katsue A.The change from the feudal period to modern times via the Meiji Restoration (1868) was the most turbulent and complex in the history of Japan, and many details of the change remain unexplained. This paper will shed new light on this social change by bringing attention to the seemingly sudden appearance of boku, a male first person pronoun,1 in the emerging culture of letter writing. It was after a century of civil wars ended in1600 and a centralized feudalism was established that samurai members and richer commoners learned writing. Letter writing became a social phenomenon of the time. It played an important role in disseminating information and awakening Japanese intellectuals to what was happening outside the country. In fear of western military power, a growing trend towards the anti- Shogun movement led to an extremely radical change in the social structure from a strictly hierarchized feudalism to a modern democracy. In the process of such fundamental social change, language inevitably played a crucial role in forming and accommodating new meanings and new ideologies. All the samurai self- referencing words that had previously been borrowed from Chinese were strongly associated with various power relationships between communicants, and they were extremely incongruent with the self of the new breed of samurai intellectuals. Samurai intellectuals adopted boku, a Chinese word with a nuance of solidarity, in the letters exchanged in the movement. Letter writing was a crucial tool for networking among anti-Shogun activists, just like the Jasmine Revolutions calling for pro-democracy online in China and other places today.Item type: Item , Discourse and Social Change --from "personal" to "political"(Tokyo: Gendai Nihongo Kenkyuukai, 1999-12) れいのるず秋葉, かつえ; Reynolds, Katsue A.This study attempts to understand the contemporary problems for Japanese women from a feminist point of view by analyzing the media discourse that dealt with a series of political incidents triggered by the confession of a former geisha. It was an event most compellingly revealing the conflicting powers in the process of change from the tradition of uniquely Japanese patriarchy to the post-patriarchy. It shows that the division constructed during the feudal era between two women classes, ordinary family women and sexual women, is still deeply ingrained in the mind of the Japanese people, women and men, that the contradiction is particularly complex when a woman of the lower women class asserts gender equality. Her confession played a crucial role in the national politics, leading to the historical defeat of the conservative party in the national election and the quick resignation of the Prime Minister. I analyze the discursive texts available through mass media and discuss the uniquely complex problems of women of contemporary Japan.Item type: Item , 性差別のない新しい英語をーー国際化時代の英語教育に望むこと [Non-Sexist 'English' in Classroom--What Is Expected in English Education in the International Age](2012-03-23) れいのるず秋葉, かつえ; Reynolds, Katsue A.Item type: Item , ９０年代におけるアメリカの女性問題 [Women's Issue in the Nineties in the United States](国立婦人教育センター National Women's Education Center, Japan., 1993) れいのるず秋葉, かつえ; Reynolds, Katsue A.Item type: Item , 性差別のない「新しい英語」を−−国際化時代の英語教育にのぞむこと［Non-Sexist 'English' in Classroom--What Is Expected in English Education in the International Age](1997-01) れいのるず秋葉, かつえ; Reynolds, Katsue A.Item type: Item , アメリカにおける言語変革の実-- メディア・タスク・フォースの場合[Language Change in the US--A Case Study of the Media Task Force](1995) れいのるず秋葉, かつえ; Reynolds, Katsue A.Item type: Item , Geschlechtsexklusive unt geschlechtspräferentielle Unterschiede--Pronomina der erstern Person im Japanischen(Frankfurt: Surkamp Verlag, 1991) れいのるず秋葉, かつえ; Reynolds, Katsue A.Item type: Item , ポーズフィラーから見た女性の話し方と現状(Tokyo: Akashi Shoten. (Translated into Korean in 2005), 2001) れいのるず秋葉, かつえ; Reynolds, Katsue A.Item type: Item , Children's books and motherhood in Japan(1992) れいのるず秋葉, かつえ; Reynolds, Katsue A.Item type: Item , 日本語における性差化ーー欧米語との比較から視えてくるもの (Genderization in Japanese--what emerges from comparison with English)(Tokyo: Akashi Shoten, 2000) れいのるず秋葉, かつえ; Reynolds, Katsue A.女ことば・男ことばの違いは、自称詞と文末形式にもっとも顕著に見られる。多数ある自称詞の大半は男性の使用に限られている。In Japanese, the difference between women’s and men’s language is most remarkably exhibited in the first person pronoun and the sentence ending mode. Among the many first person pronouns, the majority are used only by male speakers. Accessibility to first person pronouns is very limited for women.Item type: Item , Review of “’Onna Kotoba wa Tsukurareru’ [’Women’s Language’ Is Culturally Constructed]”(Nihon Josei Gakkai (Japanese Association of Women's Studies) Joseigaku Vol. 15, pp111-117., 2008) れいのるず秋葉, かつえ; Reynolds, Katsue A.Item type: Item , Boku in Edo Epistolary Texts(Published by College of Languages, Linguistics ad Literature, University of Hawai'i, distributed by University of Hawaii Press, 2005) れいのるず秋葉, かつえ; Reynolds, Katsue A.This essay is about how boku, a first person pronoun or self-reference form for males, came into existence in Japanese. It appeared rather abruptly in Japanese around the time of the Meiji Restoration, and it has quickly become one of the major male first person pronouns. Although it is apparently of a Chinese origin, its history as a Japanese word is not necessarily clear. How and why did it come into being in Japanese at the time when it did? The paper has examined some texts from the Edo period and brought to light the early history of boku in Japanese. Bringing various linguistic, sociological and historical facts together, it becomes possible to see the way boku entered Japanese. Spread of the use of boku began in personal letters exchanged among close circle of samurai scholars –- forerunners of modern intellectuals.Item type: Item , Argument Culture and Harmony Culture -- a study of phatic communication in Japanese(2012-02-22) れいのるず秋葉, かつえ; Reynolds, Katsue A.Bronislaw Malinowski (1923) wrote that people talk not only to convey reflected thoughts and ideas but also to create ties of union between speaker and hearer. He viewed this function of language as "an indispensable element of concerted human action" (316). The present study assumes that the importance of phatic communication varies from culture to culture and demonstrates that the Japanese language is a hyper-phatic one, i.e., a language that abounds with linguistic devices for phatic purposes indicating that the phatic communication has been given more significance in the Japanese culture than in other cultures, especially, American culture, which D. Tannen (1998) described as an "argument culture." I analyzed taperecorded and transcribed conversations with particular focus on interactional features, such as, turn taking, back-channeling, interruption, conversational control and co-construction, (or joint production) and hearer involvement (e.g., Sacks et. al. 1974, Sacks 1992 and Tannen 1997), which are all related to phatic communication. Placing Japanese conversations in this perspective, we will finally come to grips not only with uniquely Japanese linguistic forms but also with the cultural order ruling the actual use of such forms. The first section reviews characterizations of Japanese language/culture referring to indirectness, avoidance of confrontation, politeness and emphasis of vertical relationships, and proposes an explanation which does not contradict them drawing upon recent theories of discourse analysis (e.g., M. Foucaul 1984 and Fairclough, 1992). In section 2, I present the findings of a quantitative analysis of major conversational particles "ne", "sa" and "yo" in 15 university student conversations, (5 male-male, 5 female-female and 5 male-female conversations, 30 minutes each), which show a high degree of hearer involvement. These particles, which Japanese scholars have categorized as sentence final particles or interjections indicating the speaker's attitude towards the hearer, are more meaningfully and consistently understood as speaker's phatic behavior; various forms of backchanneling are then viewed as the phatic work on the part of hearer. An analysis of co-constructions in the same data also strongly indicates collaborative work of speaker and hearer in the effort of discursive formation. In section 3, I examine the speech levels of these conversations. There is a clear indication that speakers are affected by the slightest gap within the social hierarchy, especially between two males. In conclusion, I suggest that there has in fact been a strong tendency towards phatic communication throughout the history of Japanese culture (e.g., Itsue Takamure, 1972) although the principle of verticality has dominated Japanese communication during the past several centuries, and that the Japanese culture is becoming a more democratically oriented one. Such a direction of change is consistent with the change in the west as observed by researchers of sociolinguistics and discourse (e.g., Brown and Gilman 1960 and Fairclough 1992).Item type: Item , A Non-Relative Analysis of So-called Relative Clauses(Berkeley Linguistics Society, 1978) れいのるず秋葉, かつえ; Reynolds, Katsue A.Item type: Item , Female Speakers of Japanese in Transition(1990) れいのるず秋葉, かつえ; Reynolds, Katsue A.Japanese is known as a language in which the women’s and men’s talk are much more remarkably different. However, when one inspects the ways in which Japanese women talk at a variety of social levels, a complex interaction between social and language change emerges, and changes during the post-war era have and an incalculable impact on women’s perceptions of reality, giving rise to “status conflict” (Pharr 1984) in various areas of social life. Language use is one such area: the female/male speech dichotomy stands in obvious contradiction to the new social order based on egalitarian ideology. This paper first review the morpho-syntactic rules of women’s language, then discuss some observed cases of status conflict to show the complexity of social change and linguistic change.Item type: Item , インターネット言語と性 [Internet language and gender](城西国際大学国際文化教育センター [Josai International University international culture-education Center], 1998-03-30) れいのるず秋葉, かつえ; Reynolds, Katsue A.Internet communication has had a significant impact on the way people communicate with each other. The article explores how it is affecting the gender differences in language.Item type: Item , Looking for the future of the Japanese language(2012-01-24) れいのるず秋葉, かつえ; Reynolds, Katsue A.The 2000 report by the Prime Minister’s Commission on “Japan's Goals in the 21st Century”, expressed a strong sense of urgency regarding Japan's predicament. Stating that if Japan continued on its present course it would decline precipitously, it recommended making English the official second language of Japan. The proposal, which elicited strong reactions, was not pursued due to the untimely death of the Prime Minster. This strikingly resembles the situation after the 1868 political reform. Faced with the overwhelming task of catching up with the West, the first Education Minister proposed to adopt English as the national language. In 1889 nationalist assassinated the minister, who was viewed by many as too much a proponent of westernization. The idea was not put into practice. Japan got over the crisis by developing a common language integrating the existing dialects. This paper focuses on the complex and multilateral nature of linguistic globalisation and distinguishes the top-down globalisation manifested in the dominance of English as the world language from the grass-roots global shift towards more equality within language (Brown and Gilman 1960). Japanese reflects the prevailing feudalism of the past, is still dominated by the “power semantic,” constantly placing women and younger people in subordinate positions. Japanese is not an exception to the universal shift towards greater linguistic equality although it still lags behind. There have been numerous proposals made to make the language gender-free and younger speakers have innovated new modes of communication to allow for greater democratic interaction. Language researchers can expedite the process by pointing to necessary language changes that will make Japanese more sustainable. Japanese people will find it easier to learn English as a lingua franca, when they become confident in their own language. It is possible to preserve languages and at the same time promote international communication.Item type: Item , Book Review: Japanese language, gender, and ideology(2007) れいのるず秋葉, かつえ; Reynolds, Katsue A.Item type: Item , Conjunction to and Postposition to in Japanese(Chicago Linguistic Society, 1977) れいのるず秋葉, かつえ; Reynolds, Katsue A.