Volume 36 - November 2003 : Hawaiian Entomological Society

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10125/67

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Introductions for Biological Control in Hawaii 1997–2001
(Hawaiian Entomological Society, 2003-11) Culliney, Thomas W.; Nagamine, Walter T.; Teramoto, Kenneth K.
Introductions and releases of natural enemies for the biological control of agricultural and forest pests in Hawaii are discussed for the period 1997-2001. Sixteen insect and five fungal species were introduced, released, or redistributed by the Hawaii Department of Agriculture for the control of six weeds (Clidemia hirta, Coccinia grandis, Miconia calvescens, Myrica faya, Senecio madagascariensis, and Ulex europaeus) and four insect pests (Aleurocanthus woglumi, Bemisia argentifolii, Pentalonia nigronervosa, and Sipha flava).
Nontarget Arthropods Captured in Cue-lure Baited Bucket Traps at Area-Wide Pest Management Implementation Sites in Kamuela and Kula, Hawaiian Islands
(Hawaiian Entomological Society, 2003-11) Uchida, Grant K.; McInnis, Donald O.; Vargas, Roger I.; Kumashiro, Bernarr R.; Jang, Eric
An area-wide integrated pest management (AWPM) program began in the Hawaiian Islands in October, 1999 to demonstrate the feasibility of suppressing populations of three economically important species of fruit flies (oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), melon fly (Bactrocera curcurbitae (Coquillett), and Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata (Wiedmann)). Past concerns in Hawaii about the impact of fruit fly lures on nontarget species, especially endemic Hawaiian species, have prompted research on methyl eugenol and protein hydrolysate bait. The objective of this study was to collect, identify, and categorize field-collected nontarget arthropods captured in cue-lure baited bucket traps in the AWPM implementation sites. Attraction of nontarget species to cue-lure baited traps shows a need for future improvements in trap design.
Preliminary Field Tests on the Suitability of Amdro and Distance in Ant Bait Container for Control of the Big-Headed Ant, Pheidole megacephala (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
(Hawaiian Entomological Society, 2003-11) Taniguchi, Glenn Y.; Ota, Asher K.; Kawate, Michael K.; Rohrbach, Kenneth G.; Uchida, Grant K.
Studies were conducted to (1) select a suitable brand of bait container for use in the control of big-headed ant in an agricultural situations, (2) determine the short-term effects environmental conditions on the potency of Amdro in a suitable bait container, and (3) to compare the effectiveness under field conditions of various spacings of bait containers using Distance and Amdro in sequence. Perimeter Patrol System bait container was selected as the most suitable for field use based on the capacity to contain sufficient amounts of Amdro, lower cost, smaller size, low profile shape, and ease of handling. Potency of Amdro was retained in the Perimeter Patrol System container for a period of twelve weeks. Bait containers spaced at 15.24 m apart in a field plot had the best control compared with 7.62 and 30.48 m spacings.
Uroleucon formosanum (Takahashi) (Homoptera: Aphididae) Found on Youngia japonica (L.) DC on Guam and Rota in the Mariana Islands
(Hawaiian Entomological Society, 2003-11) Miller, R.H.; Idechiil, O.; Foottit, R.G; Pike, K.S.
Uroleucon formosanum (Homoptera: Aphididae) was collected from Asiatic (Oriental) hawksbeard, Youngia japonica, on Guam and Rota in 2003. These collections constitute a significant range expansion for U. formosanum into the western Pacific region. The aphid and its host plant were likely accidentally introduced to the islands in cargo or by travelers returning from known host regions in eastern Asia and Japan.
Fortuitous Introduction of Two Natural Enemies of Lantana camara to Chuuk
(Hawaiian Entomological Society, 2003-11) Muniappan, R.; Reddy, G.V.P.
Ophiomyia lantanae (Froggatt) and the Calycomyza lantanae Frick were recorded from Lantana camara L. in Chuuk Islands. Both of these agromyzids are native to tropical Americas and were not intentionally introduced and this is the second report of fortuitous introduction of natural enemies of L. camara in to the Chuuk State possibly from Pohnpei State within the Federal States of Micronesia.
A Survey for Potential Biocontrol Agents of Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Thailand
(Hawaiian Entomological Society, 2003-11) Ramadan, Mohsen M.; Messing, Russell H.
Limited investigations on parasitoids of the melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), infesting five species of Cucurbitaceae and seven species of Solanaceae were conducted in Thailand to determine natural occurrence of biological control agents. Fruit samples were collected during January-February 1996, and tephritid puparia were imported into the State of Hawaii Quarantine Facility for fly and parasitoid emergence. Cucumis sativus L., Luffa acutangula (L.), and Momordica charantia L. were commonly infested by B. cucurbitae. Bactrocera tau (Walker) was dominant only in L. acutangula. Infestation of ripe, cultivated fruit of M. charantia was 72.3 B. cucurbitae/kg fruit and parasitoids were pre-dominantly Psyttalia fletcheri (Silvestri) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), with parasitization rates up to 12.4%. Bactrocera cucurbitae infesting M. charantia in northern Thailand yielded an unidentified Aceratoneuromyia species, (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Unlike other eulophids that attack B. cucurbitae, which require the presence of P. fletcheri in the same puparium to suppress host immunity, this parasitoid was able to develop alone. Average fecundity was 135 offspring/ female and mean parasitoids /host puparium was 21.1. It was also developed in the laboratory on the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), with an average life span of 23 d in both host species. Six species of solanaceous fruit were mainly infested by Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel), with infestation rates ranging from 4 to 17 flies/kg fruit. Psyttalia fletcheri and unidentified opiine, Bitomus species, eclosed from B. latifrons infested bird chili, Capsicum frustescens L. Only Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. produced B. cucurbitae, lightly parasitized by P. fletcheri.
Parasitoids of Sophonia Leafhoppers in Southern China
(Hawaiian Entomological Society, 2003-11) Messing, Russell; Alyokhin, Andrei; Quan, Lin-nai; Yiqun, Chen; Xiongxi, Fang
Leafhoppers and their parasitoids in Fuzhou, China, were sampled from 1998 to 2001 in order to find natural enemies with potential for biological control of Sophonia rufofascia in Hawaii. Eleven parasitoid species were found, of which Chaetomymar sp. (Mymaridae) were the most abundant, accounting for 65.8% of total parasitism. Parasitism of leafhopper eggs in guava orchards averaged 61.9% from April to November, with peak parasitism in September of 91.4%.
Survey for Parasitic Honey Bee Mites in Hawaii (Acariformes: Tarsonemidae; Parasitiformes: Laelapidae, Varroidae)
(Hawaiian Entomological Society, 2003-11) Culliney, Thomas W.
A survey was conducted in Hawaii to determine the presence of three mite pests of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.): Acarapis woodi (Rennie), Tropilaelaps clareae Delfinado & Baker, and Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman. A total of 837 random samples were taken from managed and feral bee colonies on the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii. No mites were found in any of the samples. Data were analyzed employing the binomial distribution as a likelihood function. Results showed that there was a 99% probability that the unknown prevalence of mite infestation within the Hawaii honey bee population would be no greater than 0.55%. Thus, Hawaii can be considered to be free of parasitic honey bee mites at the present time.
Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Second Copulation by Mediterranean Fruit Fly Females (Diptera: Tephritidae)
(Hawaiian Entomological Society, 2003-11) Lee, Stephan G.; McCombs, Susan D.; Saul, Stephen H.
Logistic regression was used to construct two models to predict the occurrence of second copulations by Mediterranean fruit fly females in sequential copulations with fertile males or with irradiated and non-irradiated males. Male genotype and duration of the first copulation were significant variables in determining the occurrence of a second copulation by individual females. Male age and irradiated male mating order were additional significant variables in sequential copulations with irradiated and non-irradiated males.
Mosquito Species Breeding in Bromeliad Axils on the Island of Kauai, Hawaii
(Hawaiian Entomological Society, 2003-11) Yang, Pingjun; Furumizo, Roy; Tangalin, Leroy; Takekuma, Clyde; Hall, Kenneth E.
Bromeliads are important ornamental plants in Hawaii. They grow widely in yards, gardens and commercial nurseries. The water held in bromeliads provides breeding sites for mosquito larvae. A survey was conducted from May to September 2001 at four sites on the island of Kauai, Hawaii. Choice of three species of bromeliads for the survey was based solely on the volume of reservoirs of water held in their axils. They were Vriesea aff. regina, Neoregelia sp. and Neoregelia ‘Macwilliamsii’. Four species of mosquitoes were recovered, including a bromeliad mosquito, Wyeomyia mitchellii (Theobald), the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), the southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus (Say), and a beneficial species, Toxorhynchites amboinensis (Doleschall). The abundance of mosquito larvae was affected by bromeliad species. The larvae of Wy. mitchellii, Ae. albopictus and T. amboinensis were found in all three species of bromeliads while Cu. quinquefasciatus was only recovered from V. aff. regina. Overall, V. aff. regina, the largest of the three species, contained more mosquito larvae, both in numbers and species, than the other two species of bromeliads. The abundance of mosquito larvae in bromeliads was also affected by their location. For the three noxious species of mosquitoes, the number of larvae present in the axils of the three species of bromeliads varied from site to site. For V. aff. regina, more Cu. quinquefasciatus larvae were found in the leaf axils than in the central axils. The three noxious species of mosquitoes can either breed alone or together in V. aff. regina axils.
Suitability of Lychee Fruits On and Off the Tree for Cryptophlebia spp.
(Hawaiian Entomological Society, 2003-11) Follett, Peter A.; DeLuz, Shannon; Lower, Robert A.; Price, Donald K.
Cryptophlebia illepida and C. ombrodelta larval establishment was studied in lychee fruit on and off the tree under field conditions. The proportion of larvae establishing from hatched eggs and the proportion of fruit with at least one larva establishing were significantly higher for C. illepida in fruit detached from the tree compared with fruit on the tree. The trend for C. ombrodelta was toward higher establishment in fruit on the tree compared with fruit detached from the tree but results were not significant. Although lychee is considered a poor host for C. illepida, the threat of introducing this pest in contraband fruit entering the U.S. mainland may be greater than previously thought.
Life History Observations on Thrips florum (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Infesting Gardenia in Hawaii, and a Comparison of the Humidity Requirements for T. florum and Frankliniella occidentalis
(Hawaiian Entomological Society, 2003-11) Hollingsworth, Robert G.
Thrips florum Schumtz is a common pest of gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) flowers in Hawaii. Typically hundreds of thrips infest each flower, and their feeding and egg laying punctures result in a brown discoloration of the white petals. The life cycle and biology of this pest was studied on gardenia flowers to facilitate proper timing of control procedures. This is possibly the first report on the developmental biology of this species. In laboratory tests, the development period from egg to adult female required a minimum of 17 days at 20°C and 11 days at 24°C. Significant proportions of second instars, propupae and pupae were found off the flower and resting on the bottoms or sides of rearing containers. Difficulty in rearing insects led to the observation that adults could not tolerate even short exposures to low or moderate levels of relative humidity (RH). In controlled humidity tests, only 19% of T. florum survived a 24-hour exposure to 92.5% RH, whereas this level was tolerated by >90% of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). In field studies, the number of T. florum infesting gardenia blossoms in a 2-acre gardenia planting typically exceeded 200 adults per flower. Removing all open gardenia blossoms from the field once per week was associated with large reductions in the thrips population and an elimination of noticeable damage to flower buds.
Patterns in Appearance and Fruit Host Utilization of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) on the Kalaupapa Peninsula, Molokai, Hawaii
(Hawaiian Entomological Society, 2003-11) Harris, Ernest J.; Liquido, Nicanor J.; Lee, Clifford Y.L.
Distribution and population characteristics of tephritid flies, namely, solanaceous fruit fly, Bactrocera latifrons Hendel, oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis (Hendel), melon fly, B. cucurbitae (Coquillet), and Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) were monitored with male lure traps on Kalaupapa peninsula on the island of Molokai. Likewise, fruits were inventoried and sampled to augment trap data and generate information on the spatial patterns of fruiting phenology and fruit utilization among fruit flies. In 1991–1992 and 1995, trap catches indicated that B. dorsalis and B. cucurbitae had similar seasonal population trends and were caught in highest density in residential and wild guava areas. However, the mean catch/trap/day for B. dorsalis (654 ± 493.73) was ca. 40-fold higher than B. cucurbitae (31.4 ± 15.28). Only 1 C. capitata was caught in a coffee tree, Coffea arabica L., in Kalaupapa Settlement on December 12, 1995. Although, B. latifrons was never caught in male lure traps baited with latilure, fly presence was detected in fruit collections. For the first time in Kalaupapa settlement, we report infestations of B. latifrons in sodom apple, Solanum sodomeum L., lei kikania, S. aculeatissium Jacq., cherry tomato, Lycopersicum esculeatissium Miller and coffee, Coffea arabica L. Fruit sampling proved to be a sensitive tool to survey for fruit flies, particularly, B. latifrons, as well as a reliable indicator to characterize fruit host sharing among the four fruit fly species. Niche biology and ecology of B. latifrons is discussed in relation to other tephritid fruit flies on the Kalaupapa peninsula.
Sperm Precedence of Irradiated Mediterranean Fruit Fly Males (Diptera: Tephritidae)
(Hawaiian Entomological Society, 2003-11) Lee, Stephan G.; McCombs, Susan D.; Saul, Stephen H.
Irradiated and non-irradiated Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), males of two genotypes exhibited second male sperm precedence over the major portion of the female’s reproductive lifespan. The majority of females from polygamous copulations produced >50% of offspring from the second male. This figure is a mean number and there was great individual variation among females with values for ranging from 0.23 to 0.95. Females mated sequentially to irradiated and non-irradiated males had decreased fertility when the second male was irradiated. Females mated to irradiated males recovered fertility when remated to a non-irradiated male. These findings are of significance to sterile insect release (SIT) programs for control of the Mediterranean fruit fly where released flies will mate with wild flies and with concurrently released sterile flies. It indicates that fertility can be recovered even after a wild female mates with a released sterile male if she subsequently mates with a fertile wild male.
Populations of Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Its Parasitoid, Psyttalia fletcheri (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Coccinia grandis (Cucurbitaceae) or Ivy Gourd on the Island of Hawaii
(Hawaiian Entomological Society, 2003-11) Jackson, Charles G.; Vargas, Roger I.; Suda, David Y.
The melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), readily lays eggs and develops in ivy or scarlet-fruited gourd, Coccinia grandis (L.). This plant has become naturalized in Hawaii where it is considered a noxious weed. We sampled C. grandis over a two-year period from several locations in the Kona region of Hawaii Island. In 1993 and 1994, average numbers of 500 to more than 800 adult melon flies per kg of fruit were recovered indicating that C. grandis is an important contributor to this pest’s population. Natural parasitism of melon flies by the introduced braconid wasp, Psyttalia fletcheri (Silvestri), averaged 5.5 % during the two-year study. Less than 1.0% of the fruit was infested by the oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis (Hendel), and the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann).
Parasitism of Hawaiian Non-Frugivorous Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) by an Exotic Parasitoid, Eurytoma tephritidis Fullaway (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae)
(Hawaiian Entomological Society, 2003-11) Alyokhin, Andrei V.; Messing, Russell H.
Eurytoma tephritidis Fullaway (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) is an exotic solitary larval endoparasitoid that has been recorded to parasitize gall-forming tephritids in Hawaii. We surveyed E. tephritidis parasitism of Tetreuaresta obscuriventris (Loew.), Ensina sonchi (L.), Acinia picturata (Snow), Procecidochares utilis Stone, P. alani Steyskal, Trupanea sp. nr. cratericola, and T. dubautiae (Bryan) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on four major Hawaiian islands. No wasps emerged from T. obscuriventris and E. sonchi. Among other species, percent parasitism ranged from less than 1% to over 67%, depending on fly species and sampling location. Overall, E. tephritidis showed higher affinity for gall-forming tephritids than flowerhead-feeders, although it parasitized substantial numbers of the native flower-infesting T. sp. nr. cratericola. The implications of our findings for a more accurate estimation of the risks posed by biological control programs to non-target fruit flies in Hawaii are discussed.
A Review of the Association of Ants with Mealybug Wilt Disease of Pineapple
(Hawaiian Entomological Society, 2003-11) Jahn, Gary C.; Beardsley, John W.; Gonzalez-Hernandez, Hector
The literature concerning the association between ants and the mealybugs causing pineapple wilt disease is surveyed. A great deal of data on this subject has been published in the relatively obscure technical papers and reports of the defunct Pineapple Research Institute of Hawaii. This review article is an attempt to bring this information to a broader audience and examine it in the context of related research reported in mainstream publications to create a meaningful synthesis. Two species of mealybugs, Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) and D. neobrevipes Beardsley, are associated with wilt disease of pineapple under field conditions. A third species, Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni-Tozzetti) induces wilt symptoms in laboratory experiments, but not under field conditions. The symptoms of wilt disease and the geographic distribution of the pineapple mealybug complex are described. The history of the discovery of the disease, the disease etiology, the association of mealybugs with wilt, and the mutualism between ants and mealybugs on pineapple are discussed in detail. At least 28 different species of ants tend mealybugs on pineapples. Pheidole and Solenopsis are the ant genera most commonly associated with pineapple mealybugs throughout the world. The ants and natural enemies associated with mealybugs on pineapple are reviewed as part of a discussion of the role of ants in promoting mealybug infestations. Finally, management techniques for wilt, including ant and mealybug control, are reviewed.
Exposure to Ginger Root Oil Induces Male-Like Courtship Behavior in Female Mediterranean Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)
(Hawaiian Entomological Society, 2003-11) Shelly, Todd
Earlier observations revealed that females of Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) adopted a male-like, calling posture when exposed to the male attractant a-copaene. The present study expanded on this finding and, using ginger root oil (GRO, which contains a-copaene) quantified 1) the incidence of male-like wing movements as well as calling behavior for immature and mature females, 2) the effect of prior mating and different exposure regimes to GRO on the display of male-like courtship behaviors, and 3) the effect of exposure to GRO on female mating propensity. GRO’s influence varied with female age and mating status. Immature females exposed to the chemical failed to exhibit any male-like courtship, and the incidence of male behaviors among treated females was much lower for mated than virgin females of similar age. GRO’s effect also varied with the duration and timing of exposure and declined greatly after prolonged (2 h) exposure or removal of the GRO source altogether. Exposure to GRO, while acting to “masculinize” females, had no lasting effect on female receptivity, and treated and control females had similar mating frequencies in tests conducted 1 h or 2 d after exposure to the GRO source.

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