Pacific Science Volume 23, Number 3, 1969

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10125/3268

Pacific Science is a quarterly publication devoted to the biological and physical sciences of the Pacific Region.

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Notes. Two Sea Urchins Found inside the Air Bladder of the Bull Kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana)
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1969-07) Nishimoto, Jiro
While I was a scientific observer for the United States aboard a Japanese fishing vessel in the North Pacific Ocean, I observed two sea urchins living within the cavity of the air bladder of the bull kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana (Mertens). The sea urchins were identified as Allocentrotus fragilis (Jackson) by David Pawson of the Smithsonian Institution (personal communication). The kelp was taken in an otter trawl of the Japanese factory ship stern trawler "Takachiho Maru" on April 23, 1965, off Fox Islands in the Aleutians (53°26'N, 166°01'W). I witnessed the discovery of the urchins when a worker cut into the air bladder after picking the kelp from the landing bin. The kelp was intact, and the urchins were dark red and glistened with moisture. No sea water was in the bladder. I acquired the kelp with the urchins still inside and examined the bulb for openings other than the cut made by the worker. No other openings were visible, although some of the top of the kelp bulb broke after the initial cut was made (Fig. 1). The cavity of the bulb did not extend into the stipe, and the opening made by the worker had to be enlarged to remove the urchins.
Notes. Batillipes gilmartini, a New Marine Tardigrade from a California Beach
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1969-07) McGinty, Maxine
Two SPECIES of marine tardigrades have been reported from the Pacific coast of North America. Schuster and Grigarick (1965) studied Echiniscoides sigismundi Schultze, 1865, from algae and barnacles. This species is thought to occur along much of the west coast. Styraconyx sargassi Thulin, 1942, was reported as Bathyechiniscus tetronyx Steiner, 1926, from washings of Dictyota sp. by Mathews (1938). Although marine tardigrades are often found in association with algae and a variety of animals, they are most abundant in the interstitial spaces of sandy beaches. The apparently rich interstitial fauna of the west coast has not as yet been investigated.
Studies of Pacific Island Plants, XXI. New and Noteworthy Flowering Plants from Fiji
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1969-07) Smith, Albert C.
Continuing study of botanical collections made in recent years under the auspices of the Fiji Department of Agriculture has indicated the occurrence of various hitherto undescribed species of flowering plants in Fiji. In this paper seven species are described as new, in the genera Dysoxylum (Meliaceae), Melochia and Sterculia (Sterculiaceae), Astronidium (Melastomataceae), and Calycosia, Mastixiodendron, and Sukunia (Rubiaceae). In the last of these families the monotypic genus Hedstromia is also discussed. The opportunity is also taken to propose five required new combinations in the genus Neuburgia (Loganiaceae).
Studies of Pacific Island Plants, XX Notes on Some Fijian Species of Readea and Psychotria (Rubiaceae)
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1969-07) Smith, Albert C.
In recent years collections made by staff members of the Fiji Department of Agriculture have substantially added to the available study material of Fijian plants, permitting more adequate knowledge of many species and the recognition of others as new to science. Study of the Rubiaceae of these collections has made desirable the publication of notes to clarify certain complexes within the genus Psychotria. During the course of this work the related genus Readea was also reviewed. In the present paper four species of Psychotria are described as new, and hitherto unpublished combinations are proposed for three others.
Revision of the Genus Pandanus Stickman, Part 34 Four Species from the Philippines
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1969-07) St. John, Harold
The genus Pandanus has been much investigated by the botanists resident in the Philippines, but a few novelties have come to light. The author's studies of this large and intricate genus have been supported by grants from the National Science Foundation.
Hawaiian Novelties in the Genus Solanum (Solanaceae) Hawaiian Plant Studies 30
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1969-07) St. John, Harold
Solanum is an enormous genus, and it is represented in the Hawaiian flora by endemic, adventive, and cultivated species. Below are presented descriptions of two new endemic species.
Ustilaginales of Hawaii
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1969-07) Makinen, Yrjo
Growth and Size Distribution of the Brachiopod Terebratalia transversa Sowerby
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1969-07) Paine, Robert T.
Relatively synchronized samplings of man-made structures of known but varying ages have been used to generate a growth curve for Terebratalia. Modes indicative of the first four or five year classes were recognized, and seem internally consistent with each other. Older year classes were indistinguishable. In the vicinity of Seattle, Washington, this species probably does not survive more than nine to ten years. Growth lines, though conspicuous shell features, are not related to age.
Association between the Echinoid Evechinus chloroticus (Val.) and the Clingfish Dellichthys morelandi Briggs
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1969-07) Dix, Trevor G.
The echinoid Evechinuls chloroticus (Val.) provides shelter and food for the clingfish Dellichthys morelandi Briggs. The latter appears to be attracted to the echinoid by visual recognition.
Feeding Behavior of a Vertically Migrating Lanternfish
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1969-07) Holton, Arthur A.
Selective fishing of the deep scattering layer, defined by echosounder recordings, with an automatic opening and closing trawl has helped to define the diurnal vertical migration and feeding behavior of Lampanyctus mexicanus, a lanternfish of the family Myctophidae. The feeding behavior, expressed as a per cent nutrition, is thought to be affected by food available at the surface and by the decrease of oxygen content of the water at the deepest range of the vertical migration of the fish.
Vertical Orientation in a New Gobioid Fish from New Britain
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1969-07) Cohen, Daniel M.; Davis, William P.
While visiting Rabaul, New Britain, during Cruise 6 of the Stanford University vessel "Te Vega" we observed and collected specimens of a small gobioid fish that swam and hovered vertically, with its head up, in midwater close to pockets in the wall of an underwater cliff at depths below 30 feet. Many kinds of fishes, for example scorpaenids and cottoids, are known to orient vertically in contact with a substrate. There are fewer examples of vertically oriented fishes in midwater; among the best known are the seahorses and centriscids. Observations have also been made on vertically oriented mesopelagic fishes. Barham (1966) has seen myctophids hovering vertically, as well as swimming upward and downward. Paralepidids are also known to be vertical swimmers (Peres, 1958; Bernard, 1958; Cohen, personal observations). We have found, however, no previous record of this habit in gobioid fishes and our observations are presented herewith. We have been unable to identify the fish with any known form, and we describe it as a new
The Predator-Prey Relationship between the Octopus (Octopus bimaculatus) and the California Scorpionfish (Scorpaena guttata)
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1969-07) Taylor, Peter B.; Chen, Lo-Chai
The predator-prey relationships between the California scorpionfish Scorpaena guttata Girard and the octopus Octopus bimaculatus Verrill were examined by observations of behavior in aquariums. California scorpionfish eat small octopuses, but they specifically evade large octopuses attempting to stalk them, in contrast with their defensive behavior, employing the venomous spines, against other potential predators. They appear to discriminate between predatory behavior and other kinds of behavior of octopuses. The observations suggest that, in nature, octopuses prey on scorpionfish, principally on the juveniles.
Annual and Proecdysial Variations in Urine Production in Crayfish
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1969-07) Ono, Joyce K.; Kamemoto, Fred I.
The crustacean X organ-sinus gland complex has been extensively studied and shown to regulate such diverse activities as molting, integumentary and retinal pigment movements, blood glucose levels, ovarian development, and many others. The elucidation of the controlling mechanisms of these activities is complicated by the interdependent relationships among them. Further complications arise from the fact that in crustaceans, as in most organisms, seasonal and life cycles may be superimposed upon daily cycles and changes.
The Iron and Titanium Minerals in the Titaniferous Ferruginous Latosols of Hawaii
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1969-07) Walker, James L.; Sherman, G.D.; Katsura, Takashi
Titaniferous Ferruginous latosols are an important group of Hawaiian soils. They have developed by pedogenetic weathering of the volcanic materials of basic and ultrabasic lava flows and their associated pyroclastic materials, under climatic conditions having definite alternating dry and wet seasons. The annual rainfall range for these soils is 30 to 60 inches. Under the native and undisturbed vegetation, these soils have a profile of very friable silt material with very little horizon differentiation. When exposed to dehydration by removal of the protective canopy cover of the forest, as occurs after forest fires, a tremendous change occurs in the soil profile morphology. The change is greater than the morphological differences which normally occur between the profiles of the Great Soil groups. A surface indurated horizon develops in which the bulk density and particle density have an approximate two-fold increase. The mineralogical changes are substantial. The amorphous hydrated titanium and iron oxides are converted into good crystalline forms of anatase, rutile, pseudo-brookite, titanohematite and titanomaghemite. In some cases these minerals develop from the weathering of titanomagnetite-ilmenite mixed crystals. The unusual characteristic of these soils is the apparent movement of the colloidal material in a very short space of time, which results in an accumulation of titaniferous minerals in the indurated surface horizon and the accumulation of amorphous silica giving weak X-ray diffraction patterns of alpha quartz on the very surface of the soil. Rutile is also identified along with the silica at the surface. Aluminum oxides are removed to the lower horizons and in some cases accumulated as irregularly shaped gibbsite nodules in scattered pockets below the clay horizon.
Marine Pothole Erosion, Oahu, Hawaii
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1969-07) Abbott, Agatin T.; Pottratz, Steven W.
The term "pothole" has been applied to a variety of depressions by many writers. The term is used here to describe depressions which are abraded and scoured by water and grinding tools under the influence of currents that produce a vortex motion. Elston (1918) referred to holes developed in this manner as "normal potholes," and Alexander (1932) used also the term "eddy holes" to describe depressions formed by this mechanism.
Survival of Rats at Eniwetok Atoll
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1969-07) Jackson, William B.
The story of rats at Eniwetok Atoll (Marshall Islands) and their apparently uncanny ability to survive atomic detonations and inhabit areas with high levels of radiation has been referred to in various documents (Berrill, 1966; Hines, 1962 and 1966; French, 1965; Woodbury, 1962); all are to some degree incomplete or in error. The purpose of this paper is to pull together the fragments of data that are available and, at this late date, attempt to piece together the story of the survival of rat populations at Eniwetok.
23:3 Table of Contents - Pacific Science
(University of Hawai'i Press, 1969-01)

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