Pacific Science, Volume 48, Numbers 1-4, 1994
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Item 48: Index - Pacific Science(University of Hawaii Press, 1994)Item 48:1 Table of Contents - Pacific Science(University of Hawaii Press, 1994-01)Item 48:2 Table of Contents - Pacific Science(University of Hawaii Press, 1994-04)Item 48:3 Table of Contents - Pacific Science(University of Hawaii Press, 1994-07)Item 48:4 Table of Contents - Pacific Science(University of Hawaii Press, 1994-10)Item A New Hymenosomatid Crab, Elamenopsis okinawaensis, n. sp. (Crustacea: hymenosomatidae), from Okinawa, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan(University of Hawaii Press, 1994-04) Nakasone, Yukio; Takeda, MasatsuneA new species of the Hymenosomatidae (Crustacea, Brachyura), Elamenopsis okinawaensis Nakasone & Takeda, n. sp., is described on the basis of two specimens (male and female) from the Aha River, on Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands. It is easily distinguished from its congeners, E. octagonalis (Kemp), E. hirtirostris Lucas & Davie, and E. mangalis Ng, by the different structure of the male abdomen, the dactyli of the walking legs, and the male first pleopod.Item A Review of Shark Control in Hawaii with Recommendations for Future Research(University of Hawaii Press, 1994-04) Wetherbee, Bradley M.; Lowe, Christopher G.; Crow, Gerald L.In an attempt to allay public fears and to reduce the risk of shark attack, the state government of Hawaii spent over $300,000 on shark control programs between 1959 and 1976. Six control programs of various intensity resulted in the killing of 4,668 sharks at an average cost of $182 per shark. The programs furnished information on diet, reproduction, and distribution of sharks in Hawaii, but research efforts of the programs had a number of shortcomings. Analysis of the biological data gathered was not directed toward the tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier (Peron & LeSueur), which is responsible for most attacks in Hawaii. Reliable estimates of shark populations in Hawaii cannot be made based on catch data from control programs because of sampling biases. Most of the information gained from the control programs was not published in reviewed journals and is not readily available to the scientific community. The ability of the control programs to reduce shark populations and to remove large sharks from coastal waters appears to have been stated with more confidence than is warranted, considering seasonal changes observed in shark abundance and variable fishing effort. Shark control programs do not appear to have had measurable effects on the rate of shark attacks in Hawaiian waters. Implementation of large-scale control programs in the future in Hawaii may not be appropriate. Increased understanding of the behavior and biology of target species is necessary for evaluation of the effectiveness of small-scale control efforts, such as selective fishing after an attack. Acoustic telemetry, conventional tagging, and studies on population dynamics concentrating primarily on the tiger shark may be used to obtain data about activity patterns, distribution, and population parameters, providing information useful for reducing the risk of shark attack in Hawaii and elsewhere.Item A Specimen of Nuku pu'u (Aves: Drepanidini: Hemignathus lucidus) from the Island of Hawai'i(University of Hawaii Press, 1994-10) Olson, Storrs L.; James, Helen F.A specimen of Nuku pu'u (Hemignathus lucidus Lichtenstein), collected by the U.S. Exploring Expedition in 1840 or 1841, is shown to have come from the island of Hawai'i. This is the first specimen evidence of the species for that island and the first evidence of probable sympatry of H. lucidus with the 'Akia pola'au (H. wilsoni Rothschild). Skull morphology provides additional evidence that these two species do not constitute a superspecies.Item Amino Acid Content of Zooxanthellae Freshly Isolated from Pocillopora damicornis(University of Hawaii Press, 1994-07) McAuley, P.J.Total amino-N content and glutamine to glutamate ratios (gln: glu) were determined in zooxanthellae freshly isolated from colonies of the coral Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus) incubated in ambient seawater or in seawater supplemented with ammonium to give a final concentration of 20 or 50 uM. Addition of ammonium did not change total amino-N content but did increase gln: glu from 0.25 to 0.47-0.48, suggesting that ammonium was directly utilized by the symbiotic zooxanthellae. Gln: glu in zooxanthellae from corals maintained in seawater "stripped" of ammonium fell to 0.18. Sizes of pools of most free amino acids in zooxanthellae from P. damicornis were roughly two to five times those of zooxanthellae from the temperate sea anenome Anemonia viridis, but the latter, which is not believed to be N-limited, exhibited higher gln: glu ratios. These data indicate that gln: glu is a sensitive measure of the response of symbiotic zooxanthellae to exogenous dissolved nitrogen, but despite an increase in gln: glu when seawater is supplemented with ammonium, it cannot be concluded that individual zooxanthellae are normally N-limited.Item Ammodytoides pylei, a New Species of Sand Lance (Ammodytidae) from the Hawaiian Islands(University of Hawaii Press, 1994-01) Randall, John E.; Ida, Hitoshi; Earle, John L.A new sand lance, Ammodytoides pylei, is described from 17 specimens collected on sand substratum in the depth range of 7 to 120 m from Molokai to the Ladd Seamount in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. It is characterized by 48-52 dorsal rays, 22-25 anal rays, 15-17 pectoral rays, 109-1 16 lateral-line scales, 29-33 gill rakers, 59-60 vertebrae, an elongate body (depth 8.5-10 in standard length [SL]), and a series of small blackish spots at the margin of the dorsal fin. The spawning behavior is described.