Impact of Stream Hardening on Water Quality and Metabolic Characteristics of Waimanalo and Kane'ohe Streams, O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands

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dc.contributor.author Laws, Edward A.
dc.contributor.author Roth, Lauren
dc.date.accessioned 2008-10-03T07:25:14Z
dc.date.available 2008-10-03T07:25:14Z
dc.date.issued 2004-04
dc.description.abstract Kane'ohe and Waimanalo Streams on the windward side of the island of O'ahu in the Hawaiian Islands have been hardened to prevent flooding. The hardening process has involved elimination of the natural riparian habitat and replacement of the natural stream channel with a concrete-lined conduit having vertical walls and a broad, flat bottom. The shallow depth of the water column and absence of shade have resulted in temperatures that average as much as 4-5°C above ambient and rise as high as 32°C during daylight hours. Unlike most low-order streams, the hardened sections of both streams are autotrophic, as evidenced by elevated pH values and O2 concentrations as high as 150% of saturation. Several allochthonous inputs, one from a storm sewer and the other from a natural spring, introduced water with anomalously low O2 concentrations and very high nitrate concentrations. The absence of sediments in the hardened sections of the streams precludes natural sedimentary microbial processes, including denitrification. Nitrate concentrations in a section of Waimanalo Stream with a natural streambed drop dramatically from values in excess of 400 11M to concentrations less than 10 11M at the head of the estuary. Although some of this decline is due to dilution with seawater, the concentration of nitrate at the head of the estuary is only 10% of the value that could be explained by dilution effects. Biological processes associated with a natural streambed thus appear very important to functionality of the streams and in particular to their ability to process allochthonous nutrient inputs in a way that minimizes impacts on the nearshore environment. Prevention of flooding can be accomplished by mechanisms that do not involve elimination of riparian buffer zones and destruction of channel habitat. To maintain water quality and stream functionality, it is important that these alternative methods of flood control be utilized. Converting natural streams to storm sewers is an unenlightened way to address flooding problems.
dc.identifier.citation Laws EA, Roth L. 2004. Impact of stream hardening on water quality and metabolic characteristics of Waimanalo and Kane'ohe Streams, O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands. Pac Sci 58(2): 261-280.
dc.identifier.issn 0030-8870
dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10125/2725
dc.language.iso en-US
dc.publisher University of Hawai'i Press
dc.title Impact of Stream Hardening on Water Quality and Metabolic Characteristics of Waimanalo and Kane'ohe Streams, O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands
dc.type Article
dc.type.dcmi Text
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Pacific Science Volume 58, Number 2, 2004