Smith, BryanJiang, XiangyingPeters, Ryan2024-09-202024-09-2020242024-09-23Smith, B., Jiang, X., & Peters, R. (2024). The effectiveness of Duolingo in developing receptive and productive language knowledge and proficiency. Language Learning & Technology, 28(1), 1–26. https://hdl.handle.net/10125/735951094-3501https://hdl.handle.net/10125/73595This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Duolingo's Spanish course for English speakers over a three-month period for independent learners (n=48). We examined learning outcomes in general proficiency, reading, writing, listening, speaking, vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. We also explored the relationship between learner usage, experience factors, and self-reported experiences using the app. After about 27 hours of study, participants significantly improved in all receptive and productive ability measures, supporting the notion that language learning apps can enhance a range of language skills. Session completion, accuracy rate, and positive user experience were linked to this observed growth.26Duolingo, Language Learning Apps, Receptive and Productive Skills, Language ProficiencyArticleCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License