Mismatch of walkability and walking behavior: What are the contributions of zoning and poi clustering on it?

Abstract

Walkability has become increasingly popular in urban planning due to its environmental, social, and health benefits. Surveys show a rising preference for easily accessible amenities, particularly among younger generations, prompting more communities to invest in walkable environments. However, many cities in the U.S. struggle to implement effective walkable infrastructure, largely due to traditional zoning practices that favor automobile transportation. Moreover, the complex relationship between urban form and walking behavior suggests that high walkability does not always equate to high walking rates, indicating a need for further exploration of this dynamic.This thesis examines the discrepancies between walkability and walking behavior in Honolulu, Hawaii, from the perspectives of zoning and Point-of-Interest (POI) clustering. Utilizing POI and sidewalk data, this thesis developed a walkability index for Honolulu and analyzed walking percentages using privacy-preserving visitor data from Spectus over three months. The analysis identified areas with low walkability yet high walking behavior and vice versa, mapping these findings against zoning maps. The study reveals that mismatches in walkability and walking behavior can occur across various zoning types including residential, agricultural, and even business zones, with residential zones showing the most significant discrepancies. The study further investigated the impact of POI clustering on walking behaviors. In general, most high POI diversity areas tend to attract more foot traffic, while some high walking percentage areas were surprisingly found in low POI areas. However, some areas with high diversity but low foot traffic, and areas with low diversity but high foot traffic were also identified. This research advocates adjustments in conventional zoning practices as well as diverse POI types to enhance walkability and suggests integrating strategic POI clustering to foster vibrant, pedestrian-friendly environments. By addressing both zoning and POI distribution, urban areas can potentially increase foot traffic, thereby enhancing the walkability of neighborhoods.