Using Battery Energy Storage Systems to Address the Needs of Different Types of Grid Participants

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2024

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This work presents two research contributions, which are then applied to two use cases to demonstrate their efficacy in identifying opportunities for battery energy storage (BES) systems. The first contribution is a modified version of the Hilbert Huang Transform (HHT) signal processing technique, which proposes a new stoppage criterion to help mitigate the impacts of the emergence of end effects within the analysis of the intermodal functions (IMFs) to provide greater assurance that any identified IMFs are meaningful, and proposes statistical analysis, rather than the typically used marginal Hilbert spectrum, to characterize variability in time-series energy data. The modified HHT analysis is used to identify locations where there is high variability in net energy flows on the interties between balancing authorities (BAs) directly interconnected with the California Independent System Operator (CAISO) to help down-select to find individual tie points where large amounts of generation are interconnected with large amount of load. The second contribution presents a novel methodology for modelling the optimal charging and dispatch of BES systems on the grid. The methodology is unique in that it sets up the optimization as a type of scheduling problem that can be solved quickly without the need for complex and often times costly optimization software while also accounting for modelled generation, charging the BES from both the grid and on-site generation, and negative electricity prices. The model can be applied anywhere there is information on future prices for grid services that can be delivered by a BES system and can be used with actual forecasted pricing values or expected pricing based on probability models. In this work, the charging / dispatch methodology for the BES system is used to determine the optimal size of BES system with a two-part optimization that consists of a financial model that estimates the capacities of the BES system devices that maximize net present value (NPV). The methods developed in this work can support grid operators’ long-term grid planning efforts and operational reliability models because they help identify locations where BES systems have the potential to enhance grid reliability. They can also be used to assists grid planners, operators, IPPs, and utility customers by providing insight into how IPPs and utility customers are financially incentivized to size and operate their BES systems. This work found that, among BAs directly intertied with the CAISO, historically, the highest variability in energy flows occurs between the CAISO and Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LDWP). For those BAs, the highest transfer in energy was into LDWP from the CAISO through the Sylmar switching station. Further investigation indicated reliability concerns and the need for additional energy flows and capacity to deliver energy at the evening peak. The charging / dispatch model for the BES system with the financial model this work determined that, in most cases and project financing structures, a 1-hr BES with varying amount of solar generation is economically incentivized depending on project costs and financing structure.

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Energy, Economics, Battery storage, BES, BES sizing, PV, PV sizing, PV system

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76 pages

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