Compositional Zoning in Kilauea Olivine: A Geochemical Tool for Investigating Magmatic Processes at Hawaiian Volcanoes
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2017-05
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University of Hawaii at Manoa
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Olivine compositions and zoning patterns have been widely used to investigate the evolution of magmas from their source to the Earth’s surface. Modeling the formation of compositional zoning in olivine crystals has been used to retrieve timescales of magma residence, mixing, and transit. This dissertation is composed of three projects that apply diffusion chronometry principles to investigate how zoned olivine phenocrysts record magmatic processes at Hawaiian volcanoes. Olivine phenocrysts from Kīlauea, the most active and thoroughly studied volcano in Hawai‘i, are used to develop a better understanding of how Hawaiian olivine crystals record magmatic histories. This work begins by examining how crustal processes such as magma mixing and diffusive re-equilibration can modify olivine compositions inherited from growth in parental magmas (Chapter 2). Diffusive re-equilibration of Fe-Mg, Mn, and Ni in olivine crystals overprints the chemical relationships inherited during growth, which strongly impacts interpretations about mantle processes and source components. These issues are further complicated by sectioning effects, where small (400 μm along the c-axis) olivine crystals are more susceptible to overprinting compared to large (800 μm) crystals. Olivine compositions and zoning patterns are then used to show that magmas during Kīlauea’s explosive Keanakāko‘i Tephra period (1500-1823 C.E.) were mixed and stored in crustal reservoirs for weeks to months prior to eruption (Chapter 3). Fe-Mg disequilibrium between olivine rims and their surrounding glasses show that a late-stage mixing event likely occurred hours to days prior to eruption, but the exact timescale is difficult to quantify using Fe-Mg and Ni diffusion. Lithium, a rapidly diffusing trace element in olivine, is modeled for the first time in a natural volcanic system to quantify this late- stage, short-duration mixing event (Chapter 4). Lithium zoning in olivine records both growth and diffusion processes that are affected by charge balancing requirements with growth zoning of P. Timescales from modeling diffuse Li zoning range from a few hours to three weeks, but most record short storage durations of four days or less. These timescales correspond to short storage periods after mixing. Thus, Li probably records the final perturbation of a magmatic system prior to eruption.
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Hawaii
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