National Family Health Survey Subject Reports

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    Wanted and unwanted fertility in selected states of India
    (Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 1998) Kulkarni, Sumati ; Choe, Minja Kim
    This report proposes new measures of wanted and unwanted fertility based on actual and wanted parity progression ratios and applies these procedures to NFHS data for eight states in India. In four large states with high fertility, levels of wanted fertility are high, at three or more children per married woman, and the proportion unwanted ranges from 20 to 28 percent of total marital fertility. In three states with moderate fertility, the proportion unwanted ranges from 31 to 34 percent. In Kerala, wanted fertility is already at replacement level, and there is very little unwanted fertility. Multivariate analysis indicates that education, religion, exposure to family planning messages on radio or television, experience of child loss, and son preference are important determinants of contraceptive use among women who want no more children. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support.
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    Fertility in India
    (Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 1998) Gandotra, M.M. ; Retherford, Robert D. ; Pandey, Arvind ; Luther, Norman Y. ; Mishra, Vinod K.
    An analysis of fertility differentials by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics reveals a wide diversity in the total fertility rate among Indian states. Total fertility tends to be high among women who live in rural areas, have little education, are Muslim, or belong to scheduled castes or tribes. Parity progression ratios tend to be high among women who have experienced one or more child deaths. They are low among women with one or more living sons and among women who are regularly exposed to the electronic mass media. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support.
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    Factors affecting sex-selective abortion in India and 17 major states
    (Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 2003) Retherford, Robert D. ; Roy, T.K.
    Birth histories collected during the first and second National Family Health Surveys (NFHS-1 and NFHS-2) show an unusually large proportion of male births in some population groups, which suggests that female fetuses are being aborted. Male births are particularly overrepresented in certain western and northern states, in families that already have daughters but no sons, and among women with a high level of education and media exposure. Analysis of women's ideal sex ratio (the ratio of ideal number of sons to ideal number of daughters) indicates that son preference is declining in almost all states and socioeconomic groups. Nevertheless, ideal sex ratios are still much higher than the biological norm, implying that considerable potential exists for further increases in levels of sex-selective abortion. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support. Printed copies are available from the East-West Center Research Program, Population and Health Studies. Single copies are available free by airmail and may be reproduced for educational use.
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    Does community access affect the use of health and family welfare services in rural India?
    (Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 2001) Das, N.P. ; Mishra, Vinod K. ; Saha, P.K.
    Focused on NFHS-1 results from India's four large northern states Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and Rajasthan this analysis shows that variations in utilization of family planning and maternal and child health services are explained mainly by variations in household- and individual-level socioeconomic and demographic factors, not by variation in community access to services. Apparently family planning and maternal and child health services are available at a sufficient level in rural India so that further improvements in physical accessibility alone will not make a substantial difference in the propensity to use these services. Quality of services is likely also to be important, but NFHS-1 did not assess service quality. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support. Printed copies are available from the East-West Center Research Program, Population and Health Studies. Single copies are available free by airmail and may be reproduced for educational use.
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    Alternative contraceptive methods and fertility decline in India
    (Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 1998) Pathak, K.B. ; Feeney, Griffith ; Luther, Norman Y.
    The Indian family welfare program has been dominated for decades by a reliance on female sterilization. NFHS results, however, show that Indian women tend to undergo sterilization only after giving birth to many children. This finding implies that further reliance on sterilization is not likely to reduce total fertility much below the current level of 3.4 children per woman. Efforts to continue India's fertility decline need to place more emphasis on temporary contraceptive methods. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support. Printed copies are available from the East-West Center Research Program, Population and Health Studies. Single copies are available free by airmail and may be reproduced for educational use.
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    Comparison of fertility estimates from India's Sample Registration System and National Family Health Survey
    (Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 1997) Narasimhan, R.L. ; Retherford, Robert D. ; Mishra, Vinod K. ; Arnold, Fred ; Roy, T.K.
    A comparison of trends for 1978-92 shows that fertility has fallen faster than indicated by the National Registration System (SRS) but more slowly than indicated by the NFHS. The true level of fertility during 1988-92 was probably somewhat higher than indicated by either source. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support. Printed copies are available from the East-West Center Research Program, Population and Health Studies. Single copies are available free by airmail and may be reproduced for educational use.
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    Promoting institutional deliveries in rural India : the role of antenatal-care services
    (Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 2001) Sugathan, K.S. ; Mishra, Vinod K. ; Retherford, Robert D.
    This report examines the role of existing antenatal-care services in promoting institutional delivery in rural areas. The analysis is based on NFHS-1 results from four Indian states Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, and Rajastan. Mothers who receive antenatal check-ups are two to five times more likely to give birth in a medical institution than mothers who did not receive antenatal check-ups. Mother's age and education and child's birth order also have strong effects on the likelihood of institutional delivery, and household standard of living has a substantial effect in most cases. Contrary to expectation, access to health services does not generally have a statistically significant effect. These results suggest that it may be possible to increase institutional deliveries by promoting antenatal check-ups without having to build additional hospitals. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support. Printed copies are available from the East-West Center Research Program, Population and Health Studies. Single copies are available free by airmail and may be reproduced for educational use.
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    Child nutrition in India
    (Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 1999) Mishra, Vinod K. ; Lahiri, Subrata ; Luther, Norman Y.
    NFHS-1 results indicate that the Government of India's Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) has met with limited success in Madhya Pradesh. Only 29 percent of children age 12 23 months are fully immunized. Among the six diseases covered by the UIP, immunization rates are lowest for measles. Full immunization coverage reduces child mortality substantially. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support. Printed copies are available from the East-West Center Research Program, Population and Health Studies. Single copies are available free by airmail and may be reproduced for educational use.
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    Unmet need for family planning in Uttar Pradesh
    (Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 1996) Devi, D. Radha ; Rastogi, Sita Ram ; Retherford, Robert D.
    In Uttar Pradesh, 30 percent of currently married women of reproductive age have an unmet need for family planning. The percentage of total need that is unmet is especially high among women who are Muslim, who live in rural areas, who are illiterate, whose husbands are illiterate, who belong to scheduled tribes, and who are not exposed to media messages on family planning. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support.
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    Factors affecting source of family planning services in India
    (Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences and Honolulu: East-West Center, 1999) Nair, P. Sadasivan
    About four-fifths of all couples who use modern family planning methods in India obtain contraception from government sources. The proportion of couples using private-sector sources appears to be increasing, although levels vary considerably by socioeconomic status and by state. Women who live in urban areas and who have relatively high levels of education are more likely than other women to use private-sector sources of family planning. Contrary to expectations, there is little relationship between the proportion of women using private-sector family planning services in a state and state-level fertility rates. The NFHS Subject Reports is a series summarizing secondary analysis of data from the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The NFHS collected information from nearly 90,000 Indian women on a range of demographic and health topics. Conducted under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the survey provides national and state-level estimates of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning practice, maternal and child health, and the utilization of services available to mothers and children. IIPS conducted the survey in cooperation with consulting organizations and 18 population research centers throughout India. The East-West Center and a U.S.-based consulting firm, Macro International, provided technical assistance, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided financial support. Printed copies are available from the East-West Center Research Program, Population and Health Studies. Single copies are available free by airmail and may be reproduced for educational use.
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