Lawrence A. Reid: Articles, Monographs, Book Chapters

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    Typologie Syntaxique des Langues des Philippines
    ( 2004) Reid, Lawrence A. ; Liao, Hsiu-Chuan
    Les langues des Philippines, au nombre d'une centaine, forment un groupe distinct parmi les langues austronésiennes. Malgré les ressemblances morphosyntaxiques qui les unissent, elles présentent une vaste variété typologique dont nous ne donnerons, qu’un bref aperçu dans cet article. Nous nous intéresserons plus particulièrement à l'ordre des mots dans les constructions prédicationnelles, à la structure des propositions verbales et à celle des syntagmes nominaux.
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    Southeast Asian linguistic traditions in the Philippines
    ( 1992) Reid, Lawrence A.
    The Philippines today is home to over one hundred different ethnolinguistic groups. These range from the Arta, a tiny group of Negrito hunter-gatherers with only about a dozen remaining speakers, living under highly adverse conditions in Quirino Province, to the 12,000,000 or so Tagalogs, a very diverse group primarily professing Catholicism, centered around Metro-Manila and surrounding provinces, but also widely dispersed throughout the archipelago. In between there are a wide range of traditional societies living in isolated areas, such as in the steep mountains of the Cordillera Central and the Sierra Madre of Northern Luzon, still attempting to follow their pre-Hispanic cultural practices amid the onslaught of modern civilization. And in the Southern Philippines there are the societies, who, having converted to Islam only shortly before Magellan arrived, today feel a closer allegiance to Mecca than they do to Manila. These peoples, despite the disparate nature of their cultures, all have one thing in common. They share a common linguistic tradition.
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    The Evolution of Focus in Austronesian (1981)
    ( 2009) Starosta, Stanley ; Pawley, Andrew ; Reid, Lawrence A.
    The present paper attempts to account for the evolution of Western Austronesian focus constructions by showing that they evolved as a result of the reinterpretation of nominalized equational constructions by analogy with functionally equivalent verbal constructions, i.e., *-en, *ni-/-in-, *-ana, *iSi-, and possibly *mu-/-um- were all noun-deriving affixes in PAN that their verbal focus usages in the Formosan and Philippine languages represent a secondary development.
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    Foreword to 'The Singing Rooster by Hazel Wrigglesworth'
    ( 2009) Reid, Lawrence A.
    It is a great honor to be asked to write the Foreword to the latest in the long series of books and articles that Hazel Wrigglesworth has published over the last forty years, providing the world with a lasting record of the oral traditions of the Ilianen Menuvù, one of the dozen or so Manobo ethnolinguistic groups whose languages are still spoken in Mindanao, the Philippines [ISO 639- 3: mbi]. These works, along with a number of others containing stories told by local raconteurs from other Manobo languages and translated by members of SIL, Philippines after decades of residence among these groups, provide a body of oral literature possibly unsurpassed among the other so-called “minor” languages of the Philippines.
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    On the Diachronic Development of C1V1 Reduplication in Some Austronesian Languages
    ( 2009) Reid, Lawrence A.
    This paper traces the diachronic developments of C1V1- reduplicative processes and their functions in some Austronesian languages. In the first half of the paper, we first examine the possible precursors of this reduplication, in particular the wide range of meanings that are associated with C1V1- reduplication in Formosan languages. One of the issues that is addressed is the diachronic relationship of C1V1- reduplication to the fixed vowel reduplicative pattern, C1 a-, that is commonly found in both Philippine and Formosan languages and which has been reconstructed for Proto-Austronesian. I will claim that the evidence suggests that this fixed vowel reduplicative pattern developed from C1V1- reduplication, and not the reverse. Various paths of semantic development are proposed which bridge the gap between iterative and other functions such as instrumental nominalization, human noun plurals and quantifiers. In the Philippines, the development of *C1V1- 'human noun plural' in some of the northern languages of Luzon has resulted in the loss of any reduplicative tie to the base, resulting in the development of unique plural morphemes. This will be discussed in the second half of the paper, utilizing the concepts of abduction and deduction to demonstrate how reduplicative processes which are structurally ambiguous have been re-interpreted and analogically spread to affect lexical items originally not in the domain of the reduplication. Adapted from the source document.
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    The Reconstruction of a Dual Pronoun to Proto Malayo-Polynesian
    ( 2009) Reid, Lawrence A.
    The presence of first person dual pronouns in contrast with first person inclusive pronouns in many Western Malayo-Polynesian languages such as those in the Philippines is common knowledge. Cysouw (2003:154) labels such systems as ‘Maranao-type’ and renames ‘dual’ and ‘inclusive’ as ‘minimal inclusive (1+2),’ and ‘augmented inclusive (1+2+3),’ respectively, noting their widespread occurrence in other language families.2 The form of the dual pronoun, especially in many Philippine languages, kita ‘NEUT 1+2’,3 =ta ‘genitive 1+2’, compared with reconstructed Proto Austronesian *ita ‘NEUT 1+2+3’ (Ross 2006) suggests that the dual pronoun was originally a first person inclusive pronoun, the reference of which has been restricted to a single first person and a single second person.
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    Challenging the Status-Quo: Drift, Direct Inheritance and Reconstruction
    ( 2009) Reid, Lawrence A.
    The appearance of grammatical morphemes that are identical. or at least similar in form and meaning across a set of languages that are known to be genetically related, typically provide primary evidence for their reconstruction to the parent language of the group and the structures of which they form a part are then also considered to be reconstructible. This has been the modus operandi of various linguists who have published on the morphology and syntax of Proto-Austronesian resulting in the widely accepted belief that Proto-Austronesian had a syntax similar in many respects to that found in so-called Philippine-type languages, with a "voice' system of one active and three passive constructions (Wolff 1973, 1979). There are two major problems with this approach. The first is that the morphemes, especially when they are short may in fact not be true cognates, their forms may be the end result of independent innovations. The second is that even if they can be shown to be cognates the structures in which they function may have developed independently in each of the daughter languages from a different structure in the parent language. Languages for example, having an accusative case alignment may have independently developed from one with an ergative case alignment. or vice versa. The problem in a nutshell is to distinguish convergence or drift (as well as language contact including sub- and superstratal effects) from direct inheritance, and to determine the relative weight that is given to conclusions based on the assumption that similar forms and functions in related languages necessarily imply reconstructibility of the same forms and functions to their shared parent language. as against assumptions regarding commonly observed directions of morphosyntactic change and resulting independently shared innovations. The purpose of this paper is not to challenge the reconstruction of the syntactic patterns of Proto-Austronesian, but to challenge the validity of two Proto-Austronesian morphemes that have been reconstructed on the basis of what appear to be cognates, but which on closer examination are probably the result of convergence in the daughter languages.
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    Hunter-Gatherer and Farmer Symbiosis from a Linguist's Point of View
    ( 2009) Reid, Lawrence A.
    I am not an archeologist but for nearly 50 years have specialized in Philippine languages, not just with the languages of Negritos who are the traditional hunter-gatherers in the Philippines but with various languages spoken by farming groups. What I would like to do today is to compare some of the issues related to hunter-gatherer and farmer symbiosis in Japan with what we find in the Philippines. Let us talk first about the first interactions between the incoming Yayoi and the resident Jōmon population
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    Historical Linguistics and Philippine Hunter-Gatherers
    ( 2007) Reid, Lawrence A.
    This paper addresses several topics with reference to Philippine hunter-gatherer groups that are relevant to an understanding of their relationships with non-hunter-gatherer groups and their significance for historical linguistics. Section 1 first provides a discussion of the demographic ranges of the extant Negrito groups. In section 2, different views as to the time depth of the prehistoric relationship of Negrito groups with in-migrating Neolithic Austronesian speakers to the Philippines will be evaluated. Section 3 then deals with the patterns of their relationship with farmers, specifically the competing patterns of close association with and avoidance of farmers, as revealed from the types of linguistic relationship that hold between the two groups, and in section 4 evidence for retention of a non-Austronesian substratum in the languages of Negrito groups will be discussed. Finally, in section 5, the coastal/seafaring Negritos of northeast Luzon and the linguistic influence they have had on farmer populations of the area will be described.
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    Proto Who Utilized Turmeric, and How?
    ( 2007) Kikusawa, Ritsuko ; Reid, Lawrence A.
    Crowley points out, in his 1994 paper entitled “Proto who drank kava?” that, although linguistic reconstruction is conducted with the implicit understanding that the results would have some importance for understanding prehistory, the fact is that linguists are usually more concerned about past forms than meanings, making it difficult for our proposals to be easily accepted by non-linguists, such as archaeologists. Acknowledging this, he attempts to relate the linguistic and the non-linguistic reconstructions of the history of kava (Piper methysticum), a plant that is widely consumed in the Pacific to mix a traditional beverage. Despite the fact that kava-related terms had previously been proposed for Proto-Oceanic, Crowley successfully shows that kava-drinking did not start until after Oceanic people had already settled Vanuatu and that only subsequently did it spread to areas where other Oceanic languages are spoken. Kikusawa (2003: 261) uses a similar approach focusing on another plant, Cyrtosperma taro (often referred to as “giant swamp taro”), arguing that the cultivation of this plant must have developed in atolls in Micronesia, and was subsequently introduced to Polynesia and part of Melanesia.