These are slightly edited transcriptions of interviews conducted by the Ethnic Studies Oral History Project, University of Hawaii at Manoa. The reader should be aware that an oral history document portrays information as recalled by the interviewee. Because of the spontaneous nature of this kind of document, it may contain statements and impressions which are not factual.

People are welcome to utilize short excerpts from any of the transcriptions without obtaining permission as long as proper credit is given to the interviewee, the interviewer, and the University. Permission must be obtained from the Ethnic Studies Oral History Project, University of Hawaii at Manoa before making more extensive use of the transcription and related materials. None of the materials may be duplicated or reproduced by an party without permission from the Ethnic Studies Oral History Project; Ethnic Studies Program; University of Hawaii at Manoa; East-West Road 4, Room 3D; Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822.