http://hdl.handle.net/10125/856 Sun, 19 May 2013 05:37:51 GMT 2013-05-19T05:37:51Z http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu:80/bitstream/id/2611/PacSci.jpg http://hdl.handle.net/10125/856 http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1518 Wed, 01 Jan 1975 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1518 1975-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1517 Wed, 01 Oct 1975 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1517 1975-10-01T00:00:00Z St. John, Harold http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1516 Wed, 01 Oct 1975 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1516 1975-10-01T00:00:00Z Chow, KH; Crowder, LV http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1515 Wed, 01 Oct 1975 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1515 1975-10-01T00:00:00Z McCosker, John E http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1514 Wed, 01 Oct 1975 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1514 1975-10-01T00:00:00Z Cannon, LRG http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1513 Toxicity studies of various bivalves at Port Moresby were carried out by mouse bioassay. Crassostrea echinata was found to lose paralytic shellfish poison after 3 weeks in a closed seawater system, although toxin is retained for a much longer period in vivo. Four bivalve species tested were as toxic at 10 meters depth as they were at 2 meters. Toxin was not distributed evenly through the tissues of bivalves investigated. Mon, 01 Oct 1973 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1513 1973-10-01T00:00:00Z Maclean, JL http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1512 Plarynereis bicanaliculata (Baird), an annual nereid, spawned in early August at two areas in Washington state. Spawning was highly synchronous. Young were planktonic for about 1 week. Within 3 weeks they had grown to 4 mm in length, had started building tubes of mucus and diatoms, and showed a period of rapid growth in size. By the end of September or early October they averaged 10 mm in length, at which size they remained until March. In spring they reached adult length (20-23 mm) and during the summer gametes developed. Nereis vexillosa Grube egg masses were found from March through August. Nereis has a 2-year life span in both study areas, growing to one-half adult size the 1st year and to mature size the 2nd year. In the laboratory, young made tubes within 1 week after hatching from egg masses. Members of both species defend their tubes from intruders. Usually, larger individuals win fighting encounters, especially if they are the occupants of tubes. Small individuals successfully defend their tubes from larger individuals in about onehalf of the encounters; and if fights occur between equal sized individuals, occupants are usually not displaced. Fights are real, with jaws used much for biting, and smaller individuals are sometimes actually eaten by larger ones, especially In Nereis vexillosa. In the laboratory the number of individuals of N. vexillosa kept in fingerbowls decreased in number until only one or two large individuals remained. Wed, 01 Oct 1975 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1512 1975-10-01T00:00:00Z Roe, Pamela http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1511 Wed, 01 Oct 1975 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1511 1975-10-01T00:00:00Z Poulter, JL http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1510 Radiocarbon dates are presented supporting previous estimates of a 2800- to 3000-year B.P. age for a collection of Lapita pottery sherds recovered by dredging a now-submerged coastal settlement on the island of Upolu in Western Samoa. New data describing a much enlarged collection are discussed in relation to previously reported materials, and the question of possible changes of sea level as the mechanism for submergence is evaluated. Wed, 01 Oct 1975 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1510 1975-10-01T00:00:00Z Green, RC; Richards, Horace G http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1509 Wed, 01 Oct 1975 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1509 1975-10-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1508 The properties and genesis of four soils derived from basaltic ash are presented. In a sequence of increasing rainfall and elevation (decreasing temperature), there was a decrease in the values for pH, cation exchange capacity, the exchangeable bases, and base saturation. On the other hand, there was an increase in the values for carbon: nitrogen, clay percentages, free iron oxides, and the ratio of exchangeable calcium: exchangeable magnesium. There was also a general increase in the carbon content and in the values of the 15-bar water with increasing rainfall. In comparison with soils derived from andesitic ash, the soils derived from basaltic ash had high amounts of sand and silt, high pH values, and high base saturation for similar rainfall. They also had lower organic matter, carbon: nitrogen ratios, cation exchange capacity, and 15-bar water values. These differences are attributed to the younger age and to the higher contents of calcium and magnesium of the basaltic ash. Tue, 01 Jul 1975 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1508 1975-07-01T00:00:00Z Hassan, Tjetje S; Ikawa, H; Swindale, LD http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1507 A 13-year study of 27,667 banded Laysan Albatrosses, Diomedea immutabilis, on Midway Island, North Pacific Ocean, provided specific mortality rates for each stage of the life cycle. Egg loss among 6,543 nests averaged 3 to 6 percent in the 1st month of incubation and reached 25 percent during the 2nd month in some seasons. Chick losses ranged from 3 to 17 percent of the eggs laid and occurred more or less evenly from hatching to fledging. Most egg losses were occasioned by desertions by adults, and most deaths of chicks occurred when one or both parents died. Approximately 3.5 percent of 4,492 banded, departing fledglings died of starvation and exhaustion on the beaches. Losses to sharks in the nearby waters were thought to increase fledgling mortality to perhaps 10 percent before the surviving young birds reached the open sea. A mean 6.8 percent of 7,000 juveniles were lost in each of the first 4 years at sea, but in each of the next 4 years, when the birds were more experienced and had spent more time in the colonies where there were no natural predators, annual mortality averaged only 1.8 percent. Young breeders had a mean annual mortality of 3.7 to 4.0 percent in their first nine breeding seasons, whereas a total of 3,305 breeders of all ages had a mean annual mortality of 5.3 to 6.3 percent. There was no consistent sexual variation in mortality of breeding birds, but in 2 years of low breeding populations females experienced greater losses. Prior to the 14th year of life, the stresses of reproduction were perhaps more significant mortality factors than was age. Age may have been a factor after this, but not until the years after 20 was there any indication of increased mortality. Approximately 40 percent of the breeding albatrosses lived to a minimum of 12 years, 30 percent to 14 years, 25 percent to 16 years, 20 percent to 18 years, and 13 percent to 20 or more years. Laysan Albatrosses may have a breeding life expectancy of some 16 to 18 years. Tue, 01 Jul 1975 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1507 1975-07-01T00:00:00Z Fisher, Harvey I http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1447 Analyses of stomach contents of Siganus spinus showed that algal availability and size and behavior characteristics of the fish determine what kinds of algae are ingested in the field. Sixty-two algal species were tested during multiple choice food preference trials in the laboratory. Elimination trials and observation tests showed a ranked order of algal preference: (1) Enteromorpha compressa, (2) Murrqyella periclados, (3) Chondria repens, (4) Boodlea composita, (5) Cladophoropsis membranacea, (6) Acanthophora spicifera, and (7) Centroceras clavulatum. An: examination of the morphology of the digestive system showed that the fish are well adapted herbivores, especially toward the filamentous algae. The assimilation values for the adults ranged from 6 to 39 percent; those for the juveniles ranged from 9 to 60 percent. Tue, 01 Jul 1975 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1447 1975-07-01T00:00:00Z Bryan, Patrick G http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1446 Tue, 01 Jul 1975 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1446 1975-07-01T00:00:00Z Fritzsche, Ronald A http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1445 A new deep-water Hawaiian hermit crab, Trizopagurus hawaiiensis n. sp., is described and illustrated. Observations on its behavior, feeding habits, and growth rates have been obtained from a specimen kept in the laboratory for more than a year. Tue, 01 Jul 1975 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1445 1975-07-01T00:00:00Z McLaughlin, Patsy A; Bailey-Brock, Julie H http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1444 The presence of a small breeding population of Ocypode laevis at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands, is reported, and morphological and behavioral comparisons are made with the Hawaiian O. laevis. Previous distribution records for the species are discussed and corrected. Tue, 01 Jul 1975 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1444 1975-07-01T00:00:00Z Fellows, David P http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1443 In two cranchiid squids, Sandalops melancholicus and Taonius pavo, the shapes of the eyes change with growth. Compressed eyes with ocular appendages occur in the larvae living in the upper few hundred meters of the ocean. Tubular eyes occur in juveniles that live within a depth zone between about 400 and 700 m. Nearly hemispherical eyes are found in adults living at depths greater than 700 m. The shapes of the compressed and tubular eyes offer strong countershading advantages to squids living at depths where downwelling light is important in prey-predator relationships. Tue, 01 Jul 1975 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1443 1975-07-01T00:00:00Z Young, Richard Edward http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1442 Although gastropods of the family Terebridae are common in subtidal sand communities throughout the tropics, Terebra gouldi, a species endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, is the first terebrid for which a complete life history is known. Unlike most toxoglossan gastropods, which immobilize their prey through invenomation, T. gouldi possesses no poison apparatus and captures its prey with a long muscular proboscis. It is a primary carnivore, preying exclusively on the enteropneust Ptychodera flava, a nonselective deposit feeder. The snail lies completely buried in the sand during the day, but emerges to search for prey after dark. Prey are initially detected by distance chemoreception, but contact of the anterior foot with the prey is necessary for proboscis eversion and feeding. The sexes in T. gouldi are separate, and copulation takes place under the sand. Six to eight spherical eggs are deposited in a stalked capsule, and large numbers of capsules are attached in a cluster to coral or pebbles. There is no planktonic larval stage. Juveniles hatch through a perforation in the capsule from 30-40 days after development begins and immediately burrow into the sand. Growth is relatively slow. Young individuals may grow more than 1 cm per year, but growth rates slow considerably with age. Adults grow to a maximum size of 8 cm and appear to live 7-10 years. Natural predation on adults 3 or more years old is insignificant, but the sand crab Calappa hepatica and the gastropod Natica gualteriana successfully prey on younger individuals. Other terebrids with a proboscis nearly identical in structure to that of T. gouldi exhibit similar life history aspects, including habitat preference and prey choice. It is suggested that proboscis types may be useful in predicting basic life history aspects throughout the family. Tue, 01 Jul 1975 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1442 1975-07-01T00:00:00Z Miller, Bruce A http://hdl.handle.net/10125/984 Tue, 01 Jul 1975 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/984 1975-07-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/954 Twenty-seven surface samples of biogenic sediment, including radiolarian, nannofossil, and foraminiferal oozes from the Western Equatorial Pacific have been analyzed for potassium, magnesium, iron, rubidium, strontium, barium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc by rapid instrumental techniques. Interelement associations have been evaluated with the use of a computer-compiled matrix of correlation coefficients. The variables considered include elemental determinations, water depth, and percentage of calcium carbonate. The associations calcium carbonate: strontium, potassium: rubidium, and barium: nickel: copper may all be explained with regard to their mode of entry into the sediment. The data indicate that organic fixation of metals is a significant process during the deposition of Pacific Equatorial sediments, whereas contributions from other sources, i.e., sorbed cations on the surfaces of clay~ and coprecipitation with iron or manganese oxides, are effectively masked in most cases by high rates of biogenous deposition. Tue, 01 Apr 1975 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/954 1975-04-01T00:00:00Z Burnett, William C