http://hdl.handle.net/10125/8004 Sun, 26 May 2013 07:19:17 GMT 2013-05-26T07:19:17Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1252 This dissertation explores a unique body of historical writings published in the native-language newspapers of the Hawaiian kingdom during the 19th century and examines the incorporation of these materials into contemporary knowledge. Scholars of the 20th century have translated a fraction of the historical material, reorganized its contents and published those portions as reference texts on Hawaiian history, culture and ethnography. These English presentations, along with other translated texts have become an English-language canon of Hawaiian reference material that is widely used today. The canon of translated texts is problematic in that it alters the works of the original authors, recasting important auto-representational writings by Hawaiians of the 19th century into a modern Western framework. General reliance upon these translated texts has fostered a level of authority for the canon texts similar to that of primary source material. Such authority and reliance have in many ways eclipsed the Hawaiian authors' original works and have obscured the larger corpus of published writings from the period. General acceptance of the sufficiency of the translated works, a dearth of access tools and few fluent readers of Hawaiian has resulted in much of the archive of historical material remaining unutilized and largely inaccessible to date. However, the impetus of Hawaiian language renewal efforts and more recent Hawaiian scholarship has brought new attention to this body of writings, and such awareness is generating new efforts to rearticulate this neglected resource into the production of knowledge, now and in the future. Mon, 01 Dec 2003 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1252 2003-12-01T00:00:00Z Nogelmeier, Marvin Puakea http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1251 This dissertation explores the emergence and consequences of competitive and cooperative strategies in Fijian prehistory. The Sigatoka Valley, located in southwestern Viti Levu, is the subject of a series of geographical, environmental, and archaeological analyses. Using GIS-based analyses, the effects of environmental fluctuations on agricultural productivity (i.e., the EI Nino Southern Oscillation [ENSO], and also the transition between the Little Climatic Optimum [LCO] and Little Ice Age [LIA]) are reconstructed and used to predict zones of low-yields and episodic shortfalls. These results indicate that the Sigatoka Valley was both spatially and temporally variable in terms of agricultural productivity and predictability. In the context of an evolutionary ecology-based model of competition and cooperation, this environment encouraged the development of conflict and defensive habitation strategies between human groups. The results of environmental analyses are also compared to the archaeological record, and used to determine the presence of three modes of habitation/subsistence: territorial strongholds, remote refuges, and agricultural production sites. Archaeological testing of these classes in tandem with GIS-based environmental research indicate that the Sigatoka Valley was initially occupied between Cal BC 20 - Cal AD 80, in association with dense and predictable resources. Fortifications that utilized natural topography, and also remote refuges, were established ca. AD 700, and remained in use throughout the prehistoric period. Environmental refuges associated with the effects of the LCO/LIA transition were established ca. AD 1300-1500. Constructed fortifications that utilized an annular ditch, and which were located in the valley bottom, appeared ca. AD 1700 - 1850. The chronology of habitation/subsistence strategies is also compared to landtenure and archaeological data (e.g., land-holdings of yavusa, and also evidence for unique artifacts and valley-wide exchange). These data suggest particular historical trajectories in the Sigatoka delta and highlands, and also varying frequencies of competition and cooperation in prehistory. In sum, this dissertation identifies interaction between humans and their environment as the fundamental relationship that conditioned change in prehistoric Fiji. Mon, 01 Dec 2003 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1251 2003-12-01T00:00:00Z Field, Julie S. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1250 Dietary supplements overall constitute a multibillion-dollar industry in the U.S. today. This dissertation investigates a heretofore poorly-documented aspect of the burgeoning dietary supplements industry: network marketing. Network marketing, exemplified by companies like Amway as well as a host of smaller, less well-known companies, operates within the so-called "grey economy." Hawai'i ranks second in the nation in the percentage of network marketing distributors relative to its population. Network marketing works at the grassroots level of existing social networks to promote and sell its products, making it the ideal setting in which to do social science research. Semistructured and structured interviews were conducted with members of three companies. Aside from gathering baseline data on products used, health conditions addressed by these products and the structure of each company, interviews and product promotional material were analyzed using text analysis. Results of this research show that while perceived efficacy of network-marketed products is an important motivator in becoming a product distributor, factors such as control over one's health, creation of a support community through shared efforts, and economic opportunity are also important. Finally, analysis of themes in product advertising simultaneously reflect as well as inform network marketers' beliefs and desires for autonomy in the spheres of finance, personal life, and health. Mon, 01 Dec 2003 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1250 2003-12-01T00:00:00Z Dixon, Anna R http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1249 This ethnographic study examines the understanding ofthe concept of sex (pheet) among university students in Mahasarakham province in northeast Thailand. Specifically, it describes different categories of sex and related concepts, meanings associated with each, and how those are communicated through social action. Northeast Thailand has shifted away from an agricultural-based society to a cash-based agro-industrial one. This, combined with the influence of a Bangkok-centered national elite and international globalization, has resulted in an influx of new cultural knowledge and shifting meanings related to sex, some reinforcing each other, others in conflict. Many of these conceptual conflicts are located in tensions between tradition and modernity, local culture and Bangkok culture, and Thai-ness and foreign-ness. At these points oftension, meanings are reinterpreted and recreated. This study relies on a variety of research methods including participant-observation, interviews, and questionnaires, and thus is methodologically situated at a crossroads of qualitative and quantitative traditions. This mixed method approach facilitates a broad understanding ofthe concept of sex, including categories of sex, sex roles, and sex behavior. Mon, 01 Dec 2003 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1249 2003-12-01T00:00:00Z DaGrossa, Pamela Stamps http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1248 This dissertation reviews several different sources (i.e., local and foreign documents and archaeological data) in an effort to define and understand the settlement of ancient Angkor Borei, Takeo province, Cambodia, between 500 B.C. and A.D. 500. These sources include Chinese documentaries and inscriptions, and data from an archaeological excavation (AB4) undertaken in 1996 by the Lower Mekong Archaeological Project (LOMAP). Based on the descriptions of early Chinese document records, many Khmer and non-Khmer historians believe that Angkor Borei may have been a capital of one the earliest state/kingdoms in Southeast Asia. As early as the third century A.D., two Chinese diplomats documented the kingdom of Funan located west of Lin-yi in a great bay of the sea. The capitol was 500 li from the sea. On the basis of this account, many historians (Coedes, Briggs, Vickery, etc.) speculate that either Angkor Borei or Ba Phnom was the capitol of the Funan kingdom and Oc Eo was its international port city. Pierre Paris, using investigative aerial photography taken by Victor Goloubew, suggested that there was a canal running from Angkor Borei to Oc Eo in southern Vietnam. The actual site of Angkor Borei as we see it today is on a floodplain surrounded by a wall and an inner and an outer moat. A currently occupied village is built on top of this ancient city. Potsherds and architectural construction remains are scattered across and below the surface of this site. This research presented in this paper is divided into three phases: 1) a review of our knowledge of the site of Angkor Borei based on available documents (Chinese written records, inscriptions, early French archaeological investigation, etc); 2) classification of the ceramic collection of Angkor Borei according to shape, form, decoration, color, wall thickness, paste and other diagnostic characteristics; and 3) construction of the chronological sequences of AB4 and the site of Angkor Borei in general. Through a study of the ceramic collection from the AB4's excavation in 1996 and by use of radiometric dates, this study found six ceramic groups associated with three chronological phases. Phase I (500 - 200 B.C.) contains four ceramic groups, including Burnished Earthenware, Grayware, Slipped Ware, and Cord-marked Earthenware. Some vessel forms (i.e., pedestal bowl, short and tall flare rimmed jar, and carinated bowls) can also be attributed to Phase I. Fine Orangeware is the diagnostic ceramic of Phase II which dates from between 200 B.C. - A.D. 300/200. Cylindrical shaped vessel is the unique form of ceramic in the Fine Orangeware group. Phase III (A.D. 300/200 - 600) contains one ceramic group, Fine Buffware. This Fine Buffware can be found in two distinctive forms: Kendi and pedestalled vase. The results of this typological and chronological research have the potential of providing information on gross patterns of local production and manufacturing traditions through time at Angkor Borei. It will allow the Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts of Cambodia and other researchers who are interested in the area and the general time frame (400 B.C - A.D. 500) to develop a more precise regional chronology of the Lower Mekong region of Cambodia. Fri, 01 Aug 2003 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1248 2003-08-01T00:00:00Z Bong, Sovath http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1247 Understandings of the Marshall Islands require attention to the interplay of multiple discourses of tradition, modernity, chiefs, development, and democracy from multiple sources that critically interact and mutually construct the Marshall Islands. This multi-sited, multi-vocal ethnography explores the reproduction and transformation of historic power relationships between Marshallese chiefs and commoners who incorporate and "indigenize" foreign discourses and resources into culturally informed models and practices of authority. In relationships of unequal power, such as that defined by the Compact of Free Association between the United States and the Republic of the Marshall Islands, dominant global discourses about culture and progress enable both local and transnational hegemonies. These discourses are contextually analyzed as they are invoked and challenged in Nitijela [parliament] debates, in evaluations of the Compact of Free Association, in elites' autobiographical reflections on Marshallese-American relationships, and in foreign media representations. Historical shifts in the political and economic powers of Marshallese chiefs through three colonial administrations, and the growth of a commoner elite class since World War II further highlight the ways foreign resources are appropriated for specific local purposes that transform understandings of power and authority. With discourse as both object and method of analysis, the agency of local actors is both foregrounded and contextualized. Simplistic characterizations of chiefs, elites, commoners, and foreigners' are complicated through close attention to the ways local loyalties, colonial histories, political rivalries, and global discourses inform and frame expressions of Marshallese identities. Fri, 01 Aug 2003 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1247 2003-08-01T00:00:00Z Walsh, Julianne Marie http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1224 This dissertation examines the intersection of gender and culture in the process of identity formation among Kanaka 'Oiwi Maoli (Indigenous Hawaiian) men in the Hale Mua 0 Maui. Throughout the neocolonial Pacific, indigenous Oceanic men have engaged in gender practices that historically have had widely different consequences for their positions of power or marginality; the cases of Hawai'i and Aotearoa/New Zealand offer important insights into the gendered dynamics of colonialism, decolonization, and reclamation. Focusing in on a deeper history of colonization and revitalization at Pu'ukohola heiau (Kawaihae, Hawai'i), I highlight the ways in which the birth of a newly gendered tradition of bravery and warriorhood in Na Koa (The Courageous Ones) led to a reconsideration of men's roles in different sectors of the Hawaiian community. One outcome was the formation of the Hale Mua, or the "Men's House," on the island of Maui. Against the legacy of American colonialism and its concomitant discourses of death, disappearance, feminization, and domestication, the Hale Mua has endeavored to build strong, culturally grounded men that will take up their kuleana (rights and responsibilities) as members of their 'ohana (families) and the larger lahui (nation). In particular, I examine the role of discursive and embodied practices of ritual, performance, and narrative in the transformation, (re)definition, and enactment of their subjectivities as Hawaiian men. The processes through which the members of the group come to define, know, and perform these kuleana articulate with the larger projects of cultural revitalization, moral regeneration, spiritual/bodily healing, national reclamation, and the uncertain and ambiguous project of mental and political decolonization. Likewise, the very writing of this dissertation has fore-grounded both the possibilities and problematics of conducting indigenous anthropology and research at home. Fri, 01 Aug 2003 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1224 2003-08-01T00:00:00Z Tegan, Ty Preston Kawika http://hdl.handle.net/10125/707 This is a study of the collective identities of Japanese American elderly in a former sugar plantation community in the rural town of Puna, Hawai'i. Investigating their plantation stories in which they remember, evaluate, and represent their past lives on the plantation from the 1920s, to the 1980s, I explore a process of which they collectively delineate their identities in terms of ethnicity, class, generation, and gender. My analysis focuses on the contents as well as the contexts of plantation stories that include their social and cultural circumstances now and then, transitions in the socioeconomic environment in Hawai'i, and historical events that they have gone through. The purpose of this study is to produce an ethnography of remembering that captures ethnographic voice-cultural testimony in which the Japanese American elderly narrate their plantation experience as both an internally-oriented emotional manifestation and an externally-based common understanding of their community. I demonstrate how the Japanese American elderly employ their memories to reconstruct plantation experience and define their peoplehood as the collective identities of plantation-raised Japanese Americans. Thu, 01 May 2003 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/707 2003-05-01T00:00:00Z Kinoshita, Gaku http://hdl.handle.net/10125/706 The original question this study posed was, "How do contemporary Christian Hawaiians identify themselves between being Hawaiian and being Christian?" This hypothetical question is fundamentally oriented in the present. In order to find better answers to the question, however, a broader historical framework is indispensable. Therefore, the dissertation is composed of two focuses: the past and the present of Hawaiian Christianity--mainly in the Congregationalist tradition. They are separated not only by time and target of investigation but also in the analytical methods used for approaching targets. However, I attempt to present them in such a manner as to make interpretation of the past and the present resonate. In the historical study of this dissertation, I investigate how Hawaiians incorporated Christianity in the latter half of the 19th century and how Hawaiian culture functioned in the process of incorporation. By locating two dissident Hawaiian Christian movements within a broader social context of the colonial condition, I aim to describe how Hawaiians were dealing with Christianity. Although their results were different, leaders of the two movements attempted to seize the initiative and establish sovereignty in the church. They wanted to establish a real church for Hawaiians. In the study of contemporary Hawaiian Christianity, I investigate how Christian Hawaiians are constructing their identity and faith. Through examining their narratives on how they deal with Hawaiian traditions and Christianity, I show how their identity and faith are diversely constructed but loosely unified under the problem that originally brings about diversity. I also point out that Christian Hawaiians are facing difficulty in the process of establishing Hawaiian Christianity because of the post-colonial condition, in which Hawaiian-ness (a symbolic complex of Hawaiian history, culture and identity) is competitively represented and has never had a fixed unitary meaning. By juxtaposing the past and present of Hawaiian Christianity, I argue that Hawaiian-ness can serve not only as a problem but also as a catalyst when constructing Hawaiian Christian faith in the present. As a post-colonial problem, the relation between culture and faith becomes a significant issue for Christian Hawaiians, who desire to make Christianity Hawaiian. Thu, 01 May 2003 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/706 2003-05-01T00:00:00Z Inoue, Akihiro http://hdl.handle.net/10125/705 In most texts about Hawaiian history, the Hawaiian Kingdom was overthrown in 1893. Hawai'i, as a result, was then governed first by a Provisional Government, then by the Republic of Hawai'i. Such texts further note that in 1898, Hawai'i was annexed to the United States and, subsequently, became the State of Hawai'i through a vote of the people in 1959. This dissertation examines Hawaiian history from a different perspective, one based on the issue of 'legality', and on documentation that surfaced in the 1990s that challenges the United States' claim to annexation of Hawai'i. The illegality of the takeover by haole businessmen, the resistance of Queen Lili'uokalani and her loyal subjects to the takeover, statements by then-President Grover Cleveland referencing the overthrow as an "Act of War," in many ways set the tone for the present-day sovereignty movement. Highlighted are some of the activities within the Hawaiian sovereignty movement during the 1990s and the first few years of this century that are turning points in the struggle for Hawaiian sovereignty. Identified spokespersons for the movement are extensively cited, as well as individuals with strong but thoughtful opinions. Many of the citations used were gathered and saved from emails or from relevant websites. Prophecy, and the acknowledgement of spirituality as a grounding force in a unified movement, is a significant element, and serves to remind activists, and especially Hawaiian activists, that the work to re-establish the nation can only succeed if it is based in Hawaiian cultural concepts that are pono (correct or in proper relationship). Maintaining 'right relationships' between the people, the heavens and the earth is necessary to successfully carry forward the reclaimed Hawaiian nation and the identity of the people as Hawaiian nationals, as the Queen directed a century ago. Most importantly, it allows those involved in the struggle to see themselves, not as victims, but as masters of their own fate. Thu, 01 May 2003 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/705 2003-05-01T00:00:00Z Cruz, Lynette Hi'ilani http://hdl.handle.net/10125/704 The project comprising this doctoral dissertation investigated long-term patterns of inter-cultural contact and exchange in Ouvea, a Polynesian Outlier in the Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia. To address the research question, an interdisciplinary approach involved ethnohistory, linguistics, and archaeology, with an emphasis on the contribution of archaeology. Ethnohistory offered insight into the contexts of inter-cultural contact and traditional exchange systems in Ouvea and also provided a hypothesis of settlement chronology. Linguistic information proposed a relative sequence of events and processes reflecting contact-induced changes in the Ouvea communities. The archaeological field work for this project concentrated on two rockshelters (Sites LUV029 and LUV030) and an adjacent beach dune (Site LUV028) in Muli Islet of Ouvea. Initial human occupation on a temporary recurrent basis in one of the rockshelters (LUV030) was dated to the first few centuries A.D., followed by permanent habitation and an expansion of occupation to include both rockshelters and agricultural use of the associated beach dune around A.D. 1000. In the subsequent centuries of continuous human occupation, evidence indicated an adaptation to the local physical and cultural environment through intensification in local resources, production of specialized material objects, and an increase in the abundance and diversity of imported exogenous materials. Interpretation of research results from Muli related to internal production and exchange systems in Ouvea as well as to larger spheres of contact and exchange that encompassed the New Caledonia region and even more distant island archipelagos. Sun, 01 Dec 2002 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/704 2002-12-01T00:00:00Z Carson, Michael Thomas