http://hdl.handle.net/10125/629 Wed, 19 Jun 2013 02:13:31 GMT 2013-06-19T02:13:31Z http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu:80/bitstream/id/1989/PacSci.jpg http://hdl.handle.net/10125/629 http://hdl.handle.net/10125/2189 Distribution and abundance of meiofauna on a sandy beach in Big Lagoon, California, were studied during a 3-week period in the summer of 1996. Sediment cores were taken to a depth of 10 em at three tidal levels. In addition to quantitative counts of meiofauna, exposure to air, percentage water content, and grain size composition were determined f-or each sample. Results of Spearman rank correlations revealed that median grain size, percentage exposure to air, and sediment saturation were strongly correlated to differences in meiofauna abundance at the mid and low water stations. Mean meiofauna abundance was 779 individuals per 100 cm3 of sand. Nematodes and oligochaetes made up approximately 80% of the mean abundance at the midwater stations. Although polychaetes accounted for approximately 70% of the mean total meiofauna at the low water stations, the most numerically dominant group varied on different sampling days and included polychaetes, gastrotrichs, turbellarians, and nematodes. New distributional records for Northern California include Nematoplana nigrocapitula (Turbellaria, Proseriata), Turbanella mustela (Gastrotricha, Macrodasyida), and Microcerberus abbotti (Isopoda, Microcerberoidea). Thu, 01 Jul 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/2189 1999-07-01T00:00:00Z Hooge, Matthew D http://hdl.handle.net/10125/2188 Two species of the polychaete family Nerillidae are reported from sand collected from the south shore of O'ahu, Hawai'i. Nerilla antennata O. Schmidt was collected from a shallow fringing reef, and Mesonerilla fagei Swedmark with coarse sand from Honolulu Harbor. Both are less than 0.5 mm in length and occupy an interstitial habitat. Nerilla antennata has a broad geographic distribution including Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, and M. fagei is known from the North Atlantic. The morphology of Hawaiian specimens is described and reproductive stages of M. fagei are illustrated. Thu, 01 Jul 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/2188 1999-07-01T00:00:00Z Bailey-Brock, Julie H http://hdl.handle.net/10125/2187 Hyocrinus foelli, n. sp. is a small hyocrinid sea lily from the abyssal ferromanganese nodule fields of the North Pacific Ocean. Hyocrinus giganteus, n. sp. is a very large hyocrinid from Horizon Seamount in the eastern Pacific that shows close affinities to H. cyanae from the western Pacific, off New Caledonia. A possible giant-dwarf heterochronic gradient, related to scarcity of food supply in abyssal plains and its abundance in seamount environments, is discussed. Thu, 01 Jul 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/2187 1999-07-01T00:00:00Z Roux, Michel; Pawson, David L http://hdl.handle.net/10125/2186 Information is presented on the behavior, abundance, and distribution of Dialommus fuscus Gilbert in its intertidal habitat on the island of Santa Cruz, Galapagos Archipelago, Ecuador. Thu, 01 Jul 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/2186 1999-07-01T00:00:00Z Nieder, Jurgen http://hdl.handle.net/10125/2185 Taro, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, is considered to be an introduced crop in New Caledonia and has been cultivated since its introduction by Melanesian farmers. Wild germplasm exists on the main (continental) island and is represented by three easily distinguished morphotypes: a morphotype with purple leaves, another with green leaves, and a third with green leaves and a purple vein junction on the lamina. All three morphotypes are diploids (2n = 2x = 28) and have well-established wild populations in many valleys and gulches of the main island. The morphotype with purple leaves has all typical traits of a wild genotype (inedible corms; long, thin stolons); the other two produce edible corms. The purple and the green morphotypes flower and produce fertile pollen. The spathes of the green morphotype can be more than 40 cm long and the spadix is characterized by an extremely long appendix atypical for Pacific taros. Isozyme analysis conducted using four enzyme systems (EST, PGM, PGI, SkDH) indicated that New Caledonian wild taros differ from most widely grown local cultivars and Pacific cultivated and wild genotypes. Evidence presented in this study suggests that C. esculenta is an endemic species to New Caledonia. Cultivars were probably introduced as clones from what is now Vanuatu by early Melanesian migrants and were not domesticated locally from existing wild forms, which appear to be genetically distant from other Melanesian wild taros. Thu, 01 Jul 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/2185 1999-07-01T00:00:00Z Ivancic, Anton; Lebot, Vincent http://hdl.handle.net/10125/2184 Principal responses of the physical environment of the Fiji Islands to tropical cyclones Gavin and June in 1997 were investigated. These cyclones, which entered Fiji waters in March and May 1997, respectively, were the first severe tropical depressions to traverse Fiji since 1993. Northern and western islands were the most severely affected. Hurricane-force winds, intense rainfall, and temporary storm surge caused damaging effects, including widespread flooding, landslides, and coastal degradation. Different tropical cyclones produce contrasting patterns of landscape change on Pacific islands, depending on strength and duration of the storms, proximity of the storm tracks to land, rainfall totals and maximum intensities, hydrological behavior of the vegetation and soils, and many other factors influencing the environmental susceptibility of the islands concerned. Spatial patterns in the environmental responses of Fiji to cyclones Gavin and June were assessed using satellite images of the storms' movements and data on rainfall, river rises, landslide occurrence, and coastal inundation. Field observations at some of the worst affected areas demonstrate the magnitude of these effects. Thu, 01 Jul 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/2184 1999-07-01T00:00:00Z Terry, James P; Raj, Rishi http://hdl.handle.net/10125/2183 Four small Indian mongoose removal plots were monitored on two islands in Hawai'i during a 3-yr period. Both males and females showed natal dispersal in the fall. Males also dispersed during the breeding season. The capture rate of male dispersers decreased greatly between the beginning and the end of the breeding season, possibly indicating high seasonal mortality rates. Ramifications for population management are discussed. Thu, 01 Jul 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/2183 1999-07-01T00:00:00Z Hays, Warren ST http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1905 Diet of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), introduced by the State of Hawai'i into tropical headwater streams of the Waimea River in the Koke'e area of the Hawaiian island of Kaua'i, was examined in this study through gut content analysis. In Wai'alae Stream, rainbow trout were found to be opportunistic general predators efficient at feeding on invertebrate drift. Foods eaten ranged from juvenile trout, to terrestrial and aquatic arthropods, to algae and aquatic mosses. Native aquatic species, particularly dragonfly (Anax strennus) and damselfly (Megalagrion heterogamias) naiads, lyrnnaeid snails (Erinna aulacospira), and atyid shrimp (Atyoida bisulcata), were determined to be major foods for alien trout. Terrestrial invertebrates (primarily arthropods), however, provided a substantial (albeit unpredictable) additional food supply. Based on results of the study, it is cautioned that large numbers of rainbow trout indiscriminantly released into lower- to middle-elevation reaches of Hawaiian streams could do substantial damage to populations of native aquatic species through predation, competition, and/or habitat alteration. Thu, 01 Jul 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1905 1999-07-01T00:00:00Z Kido, Michael H; Heacock, Donald E; Asquith, Adam http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1904 Spread of the introduced macroalgae Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty), Kappaphycus striatum Schmitz, and Graci/aria salicornia C. Ag. was measured on reefs in Kane'ohe Bay, O'ahu, Hawai'i. The red algae Kappaphycus alvarezii and Gracilaria salicornia were introduced to specific sites in Kane'ohe Bay in the 1970s. Since that time their distributions have increased, and the algae have spread through the bay. To assess the current extent of these algae in the bay and determine their rate of spread, we performed surveys with a manta towboard. In addition, abundance of these species was determined by detailed reef transects in the central bay in three habitats: barrier reef, patch reef, and fringing reef. All three species have become well established. These algae were found in all areas of Kane'ohe Bay. Distributions are not uniform within the central bay. Abundance of Kappaphycus spp. was highest on patch reefs in shallow water. Gracilaria salicornia was most abundant on the fringing reef. Kappaphycus alvarezii and K. striatum have spread 6km from their points of introduction in 1974, an average rate of spread of approximately 250 m yet. Gracilaria salicornia has spread over 5 km since its introduction in 1978, an average rate of spread of approximately 280 m yr -1. High abundance of these introduced species appears to be associated with moderate water motion. Thu, 01 Jul 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1904 1999-07-01T00:00:00Z Rodgers, S Ku'ulei; Cox, Evelyn F http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1903 The historically significant battleship USS Missouri was recently decommissioned and moved from Bremerton, Washington, to Hawai'i to become a memorial museum at Pearl Harbor, O'ahu, Hawai'i. Dry-docking was completed in January 1993, and since that time the vessel has been part of the inactive fleet. In this 5-yr period, a dense growth of fouling organisms had developed on the outer surfaces of the hull. Out of concern that the fouled hull could become a source for the introduction of alien aquatic nuisance species to Hawaiian waters, an evaluation of the fouling community was conducted. In this study we found 116 taxa among 12 phyla in 10 samples scraped from the vessel's hull. Seventy-six species were identified: 11 known from Hawaiian waters, 17 with known temperate-boreal distributions, and the remaining 48 known only from the Pacific Northwest. Forty percent of the taxa in this fouling community were not identified to species, so there remained some potential for alien species introduction. As a precaution to prevent accidental introductions, the ship was moved from Bremerton to the Columbia River in Oregon for a 9~day sojourn in freshwater before its transoceanic crossing to Pearl Harbor. Inspection of the vessel's hull upon arrival in Pearl Harbor revealed more than 90% of the hull to be completely clear of any fouling organisms. Only 11 species were found to be alive: 3 species probably recruited to the hull on the transoceanic crossing that may routinely arrive in Hawaiian waters, 4 species already present in Hawai'i, 3 Pacific Northwest species that appeared to be close to death on their arrival in Hawai'i, and 2 euryhaline amphipod species probably recruited to the hull while in the Columbia River. The amphipods were not reproductive and brooding young, suggesting that these species would not be successful colonists. A final inspection and sampling of the hull 83 days after arriving at Pearl Harbor failed to find live or dead Columbia River amphipods nor were the three Pacific Northwest species alive. Freshwater exposure for 9 days coupled with increased water temperatures during the journey to Hawai'i appear to be an extremely effective means of eliminating the temperate marine fouling community. This action substantially reduced the probability that an alien species would be introduced with the arrival of this historic vessel in Hawai'i. Thu, 01 Jul 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1903 1999-07-01T00:00:00Z Brock, Richard; Bailey-Brock, Julie H; Goody, John http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1902 Thu, 01 Jul 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1902 1999-07-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1901 Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands by Dieter Mueller-Dombois and F. Raymond Fosberg, Springer Verlag, New York, 1998.733 pages, 521 illustrations. ISBN 0-387-98285-X (hardcover), $135; ISBN 0-387-987-98313-9 (softcover), $59.95. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1901 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Doyle, Michael F http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1900 The Albert L. Tester Memorial Symposium is held in honor of Professor Albert L. Tester, who, at the time of his death in 1974, was senior professor of zoology at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa. The faculty and students of the Department of Zoology proposed an annual symposium of student research papers as a means of honoring, in a continuing and active way, Dr. Tester's lively encouragement of student research in a broad range of fields in biology. Papers reporting original research in all aspects of biology, solicited from graduate students at the University, are presented at the spring-semester symposium. Income from contributions to the Albert L. Tester Memorial Fund of the University of Hawai'i Foundation provides two prizes for the best papers. Judges include representatives of the Department of Zoology faculty, winners from the preceding symposium, and a distinguished scholar from another university, who also presents a major symposium address. In 1998 Kenneth Storey, Professor of Zoology, University of Toronto, Canada, participated in the Symposium. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1900 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1899 Native Hawaiian dryland forests, important from both ecological and cultural perspectives, are among the more poorly known Hawaiian vegetation types. Wood-charcoal assemblages from archaeological features offer one means for investigating not only the composition of these diverse forests, but also the timing and mechanisms of their demise. Representing short-duration events, and relatively localized catchments, wood-charcoal assemblages provide different information from time-averaged, regional-scale pollen records. Analysis of the wood-charcoal evidence from the traditional Hawaiian settlement of Kaunolu, southwestern Lana'i, suggests that arborescent dryland forest species once extended into the island's arid lowland regions. Moreover, many dryland forest taxa apparently persisted in this region until sometime after abandonment of the Kaunolu settlement in the mid-1800s. We suggest that although Native Hawaiians may have contributed to forest loss, ultimately some other mechanism, most likely exotic herbivores, transformed the southern coast of Lana'i into the arid grasslands seen today. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1899 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Allen, Melinda S; Murakami, Gail M http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1898 We examined 104 species (13%) of the approximately 784 species of biotically pollinated plants native to Hawai'i and found 14 (13.5%) that have an ultraviolet (UV) floral pattern. However, detailed examination revealed that 32% of the Hawaiian strand species have UV floral patterns, whereas only 8% of the upland species did. All of the flowers with UV patterns measured 1 cm or more in diameter and all but two appear yellow to humans. We discuss several possible explanations for the apparent paucity of UV floral patterns in the native Hawaiian upland flora. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1898 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Jones, C Eugene; Dorsett, Deborah K; Roelofs, Faith M; Shah, Chirag V http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1897 The strong temperature increase during the 1982/1983 El Nino event caused local extinction of many species in large coastal zones of northern Chile and Peru. One brown algal species affected by massive mortality was the intertidal kelp Lessonia nigrescens Bory, with a latitudinal distribution from Cape Horn (55° S) to Peru (12° S). Between extreme localities of this distribution, mean annual seawater temperatures may differ by around lO C. After the massive mortality of 1982/1983, some populations survived in a few localities of northern Chile, such as Iquique (20° S). I tested the hypothesis that these populations represent thermal ecotypes. Those from the north, close to the El Nino impacted zone, should tolerate higher temperatures than southern populations. Microscopic sporophytes, cultivated from spores of plants collected in localities at the north, center, and south of Chile, were subjected to three temperature regimes. Two of them included the same average temperature, but different extreme values. Comparisons of thermal tolerance in the microscopic progeny from plants of the three Chilean localities showed that, at higher incubation temperatures, central and northern thermal ecotypes do have higher survival and growth rates than the ecotypes from the south. At lower incubation temperatures, the growth trend was reversed. Also, as suggested in the literature, sporophytic juveniles seem less tolerant than gametophytic microthalli. However, the differences in tolerance between northern and southern thermal ecotypes do not fully explain the survival of high seawater temperatures such as those of the 1982/1983 El Nino event by the northern populations. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1897 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Martinez, Enrique A http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1896 Most of O'ahu's nearshore and beach sands are highly calcareous and of biogenic origin. The pale-colored constituent grains are the eroded remains of carbonate shells and skeletons produced by marine organisms living atop the island's fringing reefs and in the shallow waters near shore. Previous studies have shown that the tests of symbiont-bearing benthic foraminifera compose a substantial portion (up to one-fourth) of these organically produced sands. We sampled a variety of reef flat and slope habitats to obtain standingcrop data and production estimates for several sand-producing genera of reefdwelling formninifera. We found that modem communities of these shelled protists occur in dense numbers islandwide, reaching densities up to 105 individuals per square meter of suitable substrate in the more productive habitats. Further research on the contribution of foraminifera to beach, nearshore, and offshore sands is planned for O'ahu and neighboring islands to describe their roles in the sediment budget more completely. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1896 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Harney, Jodi N; Hallock, Pamela; Fletcher, Charles H III; Richmond, Bruce M http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1895 The size-class distribution of the marine interstitial gastrotrich Turbanella mustela Wieser was analyzed at a high-energy beach in northern California. Five 100-um size classes, each corresponding to a particular sexual phase of the species, fluctuated in percentage abundance at both temporal and spatial scales. On average, the most abundant size classes over the 3-day period were the 100-199-um group (prereproductive juveniles) and the 200-299-um group (male phase). Significant differences were evident spatially, where aggregations at the vertical and horizontal level contributed to patchy size-class distributions. Members of the largest size class (postreproductive or male phase) were in low abundance, and juveniles and reproductive individuals made up the bulk of the population. The smallest size class (100-199 um) was most aggregated in the top 5 cm of sand and differed significantly in percentage abundance from all other size classes at that depth. This size class is also the only size class to decrease significantly in percentage abundance on a vertical scale and increase in percentage abundance on a horizontal scale. Three hypotheses accounting for the observed size-class variations are entertained: sexual phase stratification, interspecific interactions, and intraspecific trophic relations. All three hypotheses are important for understanding the importance of these size-class aggregations and may lead to a better understanding of the factors that influence local spatial patterns in gastrotrichs. Size-class stratification may also function in the planktonic dispersal of individuals in both tidal and longshore directions, ultimately affecting the geographic distribution of the species. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1895 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Hochberg, Rick http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1894 A rich body of local knowledge on the behavior and reproductive biology of the land crab Cardisoma hirtipes (called Kakau Tina in the Ngge1a language) is reported here from West Nggela, Solomon Islands. Aspects of West Nggela local knowledge about C. hirtipes were verified by observation, reports, and studies of the reproductive condition of crabs during the 19951996 wet season at West Nggela. Local ecological knowledge appeared to inform harvesting strategies and was congruent with scientific knowledge about the crabs. A behavior known as "dipping," displayed by C. hirtipes before mating and ovulation, is well known to the Ngge1a people, but has not been reported in the biological literature for this species. Nggela people harvest C. hirtipes in large numbers when the crabs are dipping and can accurately predict the diel, lunar, and seasonal timing of this event. Cardisoma carnifex (Tubala in Nggela), which occurs in smaller numbers at West Ngge1a, plays a relatively minor role in the subsistence economy, and comparatively little local knowledge on its behavior and breeding biology was found. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1894 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Foale, Simon http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1893 Rullier constructed the monotypic genus Sasekumaria within the family Chaetopteridae in 1976. I studied the type specimens and recently collected material and transferred Sasekumaria selangola to the genus Mesochaetopterus established by Potts in 1914. Mesochaetopterus selangolus is characterized by two middle segments with extended notopodia, associated feeding organ, a J-shaped tube, and the porous end of the tube. The species closely resembles M. japonicus Fujiwara, 1934. Mesochaetopterus selangolus can be differentiated from M. japonicus by the number of notochaetae in the middle and posterior region, the number of teeth on the uncinal plates of the middle and posterior region, the morphology of the anal region, and the structure of the tube. Mesochaetopterus selangolus is compared with other species of the genus and diagnostic keys are provided. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1893 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Nishi, Eijiroh