http://hdl.handle.net/10125/576 Tue, 21 May 2013 18:27:40 GMT 2013-05-21T18:27:40Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20404 Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2008.; This dissertation is based on research with healers, vendors, harvesters, and consumers of medicinal plants in a botanically rich, economically poor area where conservation, livelihoods, and health are key concerns. It examines biological and social factors related to the knowledge, procurement, and use of medicinal flora, and considers whether focusing on locally important plants and places can promote larger conservation goals. Methods include: 79 semi-structured interviews on medicinal plant acquisition; 28 market inventories of >250 ethnospecies; 74 local ecological knowledge (LEK) surveys on nine medicinal species; 112 semi-structured household interviews and inventories of home gardens; and 13 focus groups to validate, expand, and return findings. Twenty key species were identified on the basis of their 25% prevalence rate among vendors' stocks and vendors nominating them as important. These are primarily bark and roots of non-cultivated, locally harvested, native trees. Seventeen are widely distributed and found in areas that range from highly anthropogenic to relatively undisturbed, and three are comparatively vulnerable. They are Warburgia stuhlmannii (proposed as endangered due to its limited distribution in Coastal Forests) and Ocotea usambarensis and Morella salicifolia, two montane species which are primarily harvested in forest reserves. While quantitative LEK survey analyses show no significant differences in knowledge among social groups (based on role, gender, experience, age), qualitative analyses indicate that healers have a greater understanding of and adhere more to harvesting pre- and proscriptions. Culturally based and ecologically based knowledge are significantly correlated, but knowledge and behavior are not necessarily consistent with each other. The marketplace is a central locus for knowledge transmission and this transmission is influenced by market demands and motivated by opportunities to supplement livelihoods. The dissertation concludes that phytomedicine harvest is not presently a threat to conservation in Tanga, but the availability of these plants may be limited in the future. This is indicated by local observations of shrinking medicinal plant habitats and populations, and a growing demand for commercial species that are wild harvested but not cultivated. The findings underscore the value of plant medicines to local people's health, livelihoods, and culture and, therefore, their potential to sponsor biodiversity conservation.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 394-413).; Also available by subscription via World Wide Web; 435 leaves, bound 29 cm Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20404 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z McMillen, Heather L http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20403 Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2008.; "Special needs" is a relatively new discourse that reveals tensions about performance, personhood and social rights. This dissertation explores the education, socialization and social discourse on youths with special needs in Japan. I use "special needs" as a metaphor to explore emotional maturity, the social construction of youth and the discourse on personhood in contemporary Japan.; I found that the special needs students came to embrace the fukushiki identity, which functioned outside of the traditional, age-grade based school relations. Educators looked for opportunities to encourage social bonding within the fukushiki class and to teach normalcy through use of kata [patterned action] and social performance. Caregivers had diverse opinions about the fukushiki system, which they viewed tactically in terms of opportunities for, and constraints on, inclusion within the larger society. The half-hidden, fukushiki classes lent support to the illusion of uniform ability within the student population and inadvertently contributed to the discourse on homogeneity within the wider society.; Keywords: Japan, special needs, disability, education, personhood, citizenship; My ethnographic research focuses on the little studied fukushiki system, which operates within mainstream public schools. For nearly two years I followed a small group of elementary school students, who were classified as having "emotional troubles" [jocho shogai ] or "cognitive impairments" [chiteki shogai]. This study draws upon my classroom observations, as well as extensive interviews with caregivers and educators. I also incorporate an analysis of a popular television drama about the trials of an autistic, first grade boy.; The children at the center of this study had impairments that were not written on their bodies. Their "dis-abilities" only became visible through social interaction with peers, siblings, teachers and caregivers. While "special needs" can be defined in many ways, within compulsory education there is always an implicit contrast with normative expectations for the development of "healthy" competent student-citizens. Thus discourse about special needs youths is also a moral narrative about personhood and citizenship.; There is a common misconception that Japanese public, compulsory education consists of a single track, but actually there are two educational options for youths with special needs and/or disabilities: (1) segregated "protective schools" and (2) multi-grade classrooms [fukushiki gakkyu].; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 397-409).; Also available by subscription via World Wide Web; 409 leaves, bound 29 cm Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20403 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z Maret, Jeffrey Daniel http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20402 Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2008.; This thesis represents an initial effort to evaluate the chemical and genetic evidence for residential, spatial and interaction-based explanations for social and community structure within the late prehistoric (AD 1680-1722) and protohistoric (AD 1722-1868) Rapa Nui (Easter Islanders). One hundred sixty-seven dental specimens were measured for trace elements incorporated into the crystalline structure of the enamel during tooth formation using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Trace elements in the enamel were compared to the elemental signature from soils and sediments derived from the different volcanic flow events on the island. Multivariate statistical comparisons between these two datasets were used to assess the probability of residential stability. Ninety-two individual dental specimens were genotyped using microsatellite DNA extracted from the tooth root, and a study of the overall variation within the island as a group, as well as the patterns of gene flow between sites and site clusters was performed. The genetic data are interpreted using a nested set of hypotheses constructed around the lineage-based descent systems described in the protohistoric observations and ethnographic reconstructions of early European visitors, and recent osteological studies using craniometrics and discrete traits of the skeleton to identify intra-island population affinities. Inbreeding coefficients and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) are used to describe the direction and frequency of gene flow and isolation between the ethnographic and craniometric groups, and phylogenetic trees visually demonstrate possible patterns of relatedness. Additionally, the genetic data are used to evaluate the size and timing of island colonization, by estimating effective population size and determining whether the genetic architecture of the sample is representative of genetic bottleneck and subsequent rapid demographic expansion. The data and conclusions developed from the chemical and genetic analysis of the enamel and bone from the Rapa Nui skeletal collection augment current archaeological, physical anthropological and ethnohistoric evidence and explanations. I offer some evidence and test explanations for the observed distribution of genetic variation in the skeletal series, and present a research program for future study in the curated skeletal collection to significantly expand the current understanding of the nature of the archaeological landscape on Rapa Nui.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 252-286).; Also available by subscription via World Wide Web; 301 leaves, bound 29 cm Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20402 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z Dudgeon, John Vede http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20401 Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2008.; Japanese are among the longest-lived people in the world. Human longevity is receiving increasing attention as the world's population experiences unprecedented rates of elderly people. At the same time, concern with senescence and age-associated diseases accompany the "graying" of the world. Because this topic is complex, intersected with myriad other social, biological, and cultural phenomena, this dissertation seeks to offer a theoretical distinction between "aging" as a social and cultural phenomenon and "senescence" as the biological processes of growing old, a distinction which will mitigate the tendency to conflate biological experience with cultural meanings, although the biocultural theoretical approach framing this dissertation demonstrates that biology and culture are inextricably linked. Rather, the distinction between senescence and aging better allows insight into the interstices where biology and culture meet and mutually influence each other.; The objective of this dissertation is to explore lifestyle patterns and practices that are considered to lead to health longevity in rural Japan, including food and medicine, bodily practices, and the role of community and environment in facilitating health in old age. In this community-based study, healthy longevity is achieved through the mutual efforts of the individual, the community, and the state, with certain ideological values such as "self-sufficiency," giving structure and meaning to individual and community efforts to encourage healthy lifestyle practices. Shared values about tradition and the environment influence individual health choices and practices, while participation in and concern for the well-being of the community facilitates individual, community, and ultimately, national health and longevity.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 311-337).; Also available by subscription via World Wide Web; 337 leaves, bound 29 cm Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20401 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z Sipos, Jessica Busch http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20400 Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2008.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-176).; ix, 176 leaves, bound 29 cm Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20400 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z Swazey, Kelli A http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20399 Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2008.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-77).; vi, 77 leaves, bound 29 cm Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20399 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z Suzuki, Katherine K http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20398 Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2008.; The archaeological record from Vanuatu, most of which falls into the early settlement period, exhibits a wide range of related stone oven features. Such patterning is suggestive of practices that are exploratory, rather than having an already established cooking strategy. The appearance of distinctive local technological variants that is detected at Arapus site on Efate, then, may indicate the process of local adaptation and diversification.; The examination of contemporary cooking practices demonstrates that stone oven cooking is a complex technological system shaped by a range of ecological, social, and historical factors. In a sense, various styles of oven structures and cooking strategies are linked to certain food types such as taro and yams. However, the examination of ethnographic stone ovens from northern Vanuatu eliminates any simplistic causal relationship between a specific cooking style and particular foods. Conversely, there are multiple technological options to be taken, depending on how people in a given society conceptualize their cooking system. While ecological factors circumscribe the range of possible alternatives, factors such as cultural values and sociopolitical relations among the people also play an important role in determining the technological process.; This dissertation examines the diversity of stone oven cooking strategies in northern Vanuatu, located in central Melanesia. Using an ethnoarchaeological research method, this study explores the variability of cooking practices in two regions with contrasting ecological settings (Northwest Santo, Malo, and other islands). This study aims to identify factors affecting the development and diversification of stone oven cooking technologies. Cooking with pots, another method whose use is confined to certain regions in Melanesia, is also taken into account in light of understanding the loss of pottery in Pacific prehistory. Employing an anthropology of technology framework which incorporates the active role of agency, provided a comprehensive perspective viewpoint in evaluating stone oven cooking strategies and related culinary practices.; This dissertation is comprised of two parts: an ethnoarchaeological research section presenting the detailed description of contemporary stone oven cooking strategies, including the experimental study examining the heat effects of stone oven cooking, and the detailed documentation of archaeological features reflecting possible stone oven cooking activities.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves xxx-xxx).; Also available by subscription via World Wide Web; 400 leaves, bound 29 cm Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20398 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z Nojima, Yoko http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20325 Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2008. Thu, 01 May 2008 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20325 2008-05-01T00:00:00Z Genz, Joseph H http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12078 Typescript.; Bibliography: leaves [317]-331.; xv, 331 l illus., maps, tables Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12078 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z Newman, T. Stell (Thomas Stell) http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12077 Typescript.; Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1975.; Bibliography: leaves [298]-303.; viii, 303 leaves Thu, 01 Jan 1976 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12077 1976-01-01T00:00:00Z McNeley, James Kale http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12076 Typescript.; Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1974.; Bibliography: leaves 344-350.; xiii, 350 leaves ill., maps Tue, 01 Jan 1974 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12076 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z Mamak, Alexander http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12075 Typescript.; Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1973.; Bibliography: leaves [283]-287.; v, 287 l illus., map, tables Mon, 01 Jan 1973 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12075 1973-01-01T00:00:00Z Peterson, Susan Blackmore http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12074 Typescript.; Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1973.; Bibliography: leaves [263]-274.; iv, 274 l illus:, tables Mon, 01 Jan 1973 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12074 1973-01-01T00:00:00Z Kang, Sin-pʻyo http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12073 Typescript.; Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii, 1971.; Bibliography: leaves [166]-170.; x, 170 l graphs, tables Fri, 01 Jan 1971 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12073 1971-01-01T00:00:00Z Heighton, Robert Herbert http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12072 Typescript.; Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii, 1969.; Bibliography: leaves [223]-225.; x, 225 l illus., maps, tables Wed, 01 Jan 1969 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12072 1969-01-01T00:00:00Z Nimmo, Harry http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12071 Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2005.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 440-478).; Also available by subscription via World Wide Web; xxi, 478 leaves, bound col. ill., maps 29 cm Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12071 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z Guelden, Marlane http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12070 Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2005.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 407-427).; Also available by subscription via World Wide Web; xiii, 427 leaves, bound ill., maps 29 cm Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12070 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z Bollt, Robert J http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12069 Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 173-183).; Electronic reproduction.; Also available by subscription via World Wide Web; xii, 183 leaves, bound ill., map 29 cm Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12069 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z Dolcemascolo, Glenn Philip http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12068 Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 381-422).; Also available by subscription via World Wide Web; xviii, 423 leaves, bound ill., maps 29 cm. + Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12068 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z Cochrane, Ethan E http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12067 Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 289-337).; Electronic reproduction.; Also available by subscription via World Wide Web; 337 leaves, bound ill., maps 29 cm Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12067 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z Bith, Pollie D