http://hdl.handle.net/10125/454 Search the Channel search http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/simple-search http://hdl.handle.net/10125/4955 Title: 54: Index - Pacific Science Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1667 Title: Stratigraphy and Whole-Rock Amino Acid Geochronology of Key Holocene and Last Interglacial Carbonate Deposits in the Hawaiian Islands<br/><br/>Author(s): Hearty, Paul J; Kaufman, Darrell S; Olson, Storrs L; James, Helen F<br/><br/>Abstract: We evaluated the utility of whole-rock amino acid racemizationas a method for the stratigraphic correlation and dating of carbonate sedimentsin the Hawaiian Islands. D-alloisoleucine/L-isoleucine (A/I) ratios were determinedfor carbonate sand and sandstone samples from 25 localities in the archipelago.The superposition of A/I ratios within stratigraphic sections and the regionalconcordance of ratios within geological formations support the integrityof the method. To correlate the A/I ratios with an absolute chronology, comparisonswere made with previously published uranium series dates on coralsand with 14C dates on carbonate sand and organic material, including severalnew dates reported herein. The A/I mean from four marine isotope stage (MIS)5e U-series calibration sites was 0.505 ± 0.027 (n = 11), and 12 "test sites" ofpreviously uncertain or speculative geochronological age yielded an A/I meanof 0.445 ± 0.058 (n = 17). Similarly, extensive Holocene dunes on Moloka'iand Kaua'i were correlated by a mean A/I ratio of 0.266 ± 0.022 (n = 8) andequated with a 14C bulk sediment mean age of 8600 yr B.P. Our results indicatethat the eolian dunes currently exposed in various localities in the Islands originatedprimarily during two major periods of dune formation, the last interglacial(MIS 5e) and the early Holocene (MIS 1). MIS 5e and MIS 1 A/I ratiosfrom the Hawaiian Islands show close agreement with previous whole-rockstudies in Bermuda and the Bahamas. We discuss these results in terms of theirrelevance to models of lithospheric flexure and to imposing constraints on thetime frame for the extinction of fossil birds. Sun, 01 Oct 2000 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1666 Title: Notes on Status and Ecology of the Endangered Hawaiian Annual Awiwi, Centaurium sebaeoides (Gentianaceae)<br/><br/>Author(s): Medeiros, Arthur C; Chimera, Charles G; Loope, Lloyd L; Joe, Stephanie M; Krushelnycky, Paul D<br/><br/>Abstract: The annual, endemic, coastal herb Centaurium sebaeoides is theonly native Hawaiian species in the gentian family. The U.S. Fish and WildlifeService listed it as Endangered under the Endangered Species Act on 29 October1991. Before surveys reported here, the total population of this speciesstatewide was estimated at 80-110 individuals in eight populations. Duringcounts made in April and May 1997, following ample winter rains, 12 populationsof C. sebaeoides with a total of 6300-6600 plants were noted on fiveislands (Kaua'i, O'ahu, Lana'i, Moloka'i, and Maui). Five populations weremapped with a global positioning system and counted; in the remaining sevenpopulations, the numbers of individuals were estimated. More recent surveys in1998-1999 estimated a total of only 60-80 individuals at all sites. Such dramaticpopulation fluctuations are believed to be related to the sporadic occurrenceof winter rains. Threats that further contribute to the rarity of the speciesinclude (1) displacement and overtopping by salt-tolerant nonnative woody species,especially Casuarina spp., (2) trampling and erosion of habitat by ungulates,and (3) damage caused by off-road vehicles. Sun, 01 Oct 2000 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1665 Title: Notes on the Identity of Small, Brown, Unpatterned Indo-Pacific Moray Eels, with Descriptions of Three New Species (Anguilliformes: Muraenidae)<br/><br/>Author(s): Bohlke, Eugenia B<br/><br/>Abstract: Eight species of Indo-Pacific morays, including three new species,are described and discussed. Most are plain brown and have unpatterned bodycoloration (one with small dark spots); they are small to moderate-sized speciesand possess fewer than 150 vertebrae. They include Gymnothorax atolli(pietschmann, 1935); Gymnothorax australicola Lavenberg, 1992; Gymnothoraxherrei Beebe & Tee-Van, 1933; Gymnothorax panamensis (Steindachner, 1876);Gymnothorax pindae Smith, 1962; Gymnothorax pseudoherrei Bohlke, n. sp.;Gymnothorax kontodontos Bohlke, n. sp.; and Gymnothorax microstictusBohlke, n. sp. Sun, 01 Oct 2000 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1664 Title: Occurrence of a Rare Squaloid Shark, Trigonognathus kabeyai, from the Hawaiian Islands<br/><br/>Author(s): Wetherbee, Bradley M; Kajiura, Stephen M<br/><br/>Abstract: The first occurrence of the rare viper shark, Trigonognathus kabeyai,from the central Pacific Ocean is reported. Morphometries are comparedbetween this specimen and the type specimens from Japan, and this specimendiffers from the types in only a few measurements. The poor preservation ofthis specimen precluded examination of internal anatomy. Sun, 01 Oct 2000 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1663 Title: Spawning, Fertilization, and Larval Development of Potamocorbula amurensis (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from San Francisco Bay, California<br/><br/>Author(s): Nicolini, Mary Helen; Penry, Deborah L<br/><br/>Abstract: In Potamocorbula amurensis time for development to thestraight-hinge larval stage is 48 hr at 15°C. Potamocorbula amurensis settlesat a shell length of approximately 135 um 17 to 19 days after fertilization.Our observations of timing of larval development in P. amurensis support thehypothesis of earlier workers that its route of initial introduction to San FranciscoBay was as ve1iger larvae transported in ballast water by trans-Pacificcargo ships. The length of the larval period of P. amurensis relative to watermass residence times in San Francisco Bay suggests that it is sufficient to allowsubstantial dispersal from North Bay to South Bay populations in concordancewith previous observations that genetic differentiation among populations ofP. amurensis in San Francisco Bay is low. Potamocorbula amurensis is markedlyeuryhaline at all stages of development. Spawning and fertilization can occurat salinities from 5 to 25 psu, and eggs and sperm can each tolerate at least alO-psu step increase or decrease in salinity. Embyros that are 2 hr old can toleratesalinities from 10 to 30 psu, and by the time they are 24 hr old they cantolerate the same range of salinities (2 to 30 psu) that adult clams can. The abilityof P. amurensis larvae to tolerate substantial step changes in salinity suggests a strong potential to survive incomplete oceanic exchanges of ballast water andsubsequent discharge into receiving waters across a broad range of salinities. Sun, 01 Oct 2000 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1662 Title: SEM Studies on Vessels in Ferns. 20. Hawaiian Hymenophyllaceae<br/><br/>Author(s): Carlquist, Sherwin; Schneider, Edward L; Lamoureux, Charles H<br/><br/>Abstract: Tracheary elements of three species (Mecodium recurvum,Vandenboschia devallioides, and Callistopteris baldwinii) (two epiphytic, oneterrestrial) representing three genera of Hymenophyllaceae were studied withscanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both roots and rhizomes of all threespecies possess vessel elements. Wide perforations, an expression of pit (perforation)dimorphism within perforation plates, are prominent, more so than inmost other fern families. Monomorphic perforations are also common, as areperforations in which weblike or porose pit membranes are present. Habitatsof Hymenophyllaceae are characterized by high humidity with little fluctuation.However, fluctuation in moisture availability within the substrates of Hymenophyllaceaemay be related to the abundance of vessels and the distinctiveness ofthe perforation plates. A peculiarity of hymenophyllaceous tracheary elementsnot hitherto reported in ferns to our knowledge is reported: gaps in the secondarywall pattern at outer surface of cell angles. These gaps take the form ofrhomboidal depressions or a continuous depressed strip. Sun, 01 Oct 2000 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1661 Title: A Preliminary Checklist of the Flora of Rotuma with Rotuman Names<br/><br/>Author(s): McClatchey, Will; Thaman, Randy; Vodonaivalu, Saula<br/><br/>Abstract: The terrestrial flora of the Rotuma island group consists of over500 species of indigenous and introduced plants. Although the environment ofthese islands has been highly modified by the Rotuman people, areas of ancientforest have survived. We provide here a list of the taxa identified by ourselvesand others from Rotuma in the Bryophyta, Microphyllophyta, Pteridophyta,Coniferophyta, and Anthophyta. Sun, 01 Oct 2000 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1660 Title: Bruguiera Species in Hawai'i: Systematic Considerations and Ecological Implications<br/><br/>Author(s): Allen, James A; Krauss, Ken W; Duke, Norman C; Herbst, Derral R; Bjorkman, Olle; Shih, Connie<br/><br/>Abstract: At least two mangrove tree species in the genus Bruguiera wereintroduced into Hawai'i from the Philippines in 1922. The two are described inthe most current manual on the flora of Hawai'i as B. gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk.and B. parviflora (Roxb.) W. & A. ex. Griff. There has, however, been someconfusion since its introduction as to the identity of what is currently knownas B. gymnorrhiza. Early Hawaiian flora manuals (1948 and earlier) andecological research reports up until at least 1972 referred to the species as B.sexangula (Lour.) Poir. Flora manuals published after 1948 and recent ecologicalpapers describe the species as B. gymnorrhiza. The reason for the changeappears to have been based strictly on an assessment of flower color. In thisstudy we collected specimens of Bruguiera from Hawai'i and known samplesof B. sexangula, B. gymnorrhiza, and B. exaristata C. G. Rogers from Australiaor Micronesia. Based on a multivariate comparison of flower and hypocotylmorphology of this material, an assessment of other diagnostic attributes, andamplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) mapping, we concludethat the primary, and perhaps only, Bruguiera species present in Hawai'i is B.sexangula. We argue that the current distribution of Bruguiera in Hawai'i fitsthe pattern that might be expected of B. sexangula, which is less salt tolerantthan B. gymnorrhiza. We also conclude that sufficient regional variation occursto warrant morphological and genetic comparisons of the three species acrosstheir whole geographic range. Sun, 01 Oct 2000 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1659 Title: Food Habits of Introduced Rodents in High-Elevation Shrubland of Haleakala National Park, Maui, Hawai'i<br/><br/>Author(s): Cole, F Russell; Loope, Lloyd L; Medeiros, Arthur C; Howe, Cameron E; Anderson, Laurel J<br/><br/>Abstract: Mus musculus and Rattus rattus are ubiquitous consumers inthe high-elevation shrubland of Haleakala National Park. Food habits of thesetwo rodent species were determined from stomach samples obtained by snap-trappingalong transects located at four different elevations during November1984 and February, May, and August 1985. Mus musculus fed primarily onfruits, grass seeds, and arthropods. Rattus rattus ate various fruits, dicot leaves,and arthropods. Arthropods, many of which are endemic, were taken frequentlyby Mus musculus throughout the year at the highest elevation where plantfood resources were scarce. Araneida, Lepidoptera (primarily larvae), Coleoptera,and Homoptera were the main arthropod taxa taken. These rodents,particularly Mus musculus, exert strong predation pressure on populationsof arthropod species, including locally endemic species on upper HaleakalaVolcano. Sun, 01 Oct 2000 00:00:00 GMT