http://hdl.handle.net/10125/430 Mon, 20 May 2013 00:33:21 GMT 2013-05-20T00:33:21Z http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu:80/bitstream/id/1620/PacSci.jpg http://hdl.handle.net/10125/430 http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12588 Tue, 01 Jan 1985 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12588 1985-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/947 Tue, 01 Oct 1985 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/947 1985-10-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/946 Tue, 01 Oct 1985 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/946 1985-10-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/938 Tutuila is a basaltic volcanic island within the east southeasterly trending Samoa Island chain in the Pacific Ocean. Potassium-argon ages on 38 whole rock samples of lavas and intrusives demonstrate that the main period of subaerial volcanism occurred over a relatively short interval of about 0.6 Ma in the Early Pleistocene. The major shield volcano, Pago, was built between about 1.54 and 1.28 Ma ago; its large caldera formed approximately 1.27 ± 0.02 Ma ago. Partial filling of the caldera by volcanics occurred from shortly after its formation until about 1.14 Ma ago, and activity on Pago Volcano ended with emplacement of trachyte bodies which have ages of 1.03 ± 0.01 Ma. Construction of the smaller satellitic Olomoana and Taputapu volcanoes, on the eastern and western extensions of the main rift zone through Pago Volcano, took place over much the same time interval as the volcanism on Pago. The youthful basaltic volcanism on the Manu'a Islands, east of Tutuila, allows a rate of migration of the center of volcanism of about 10cmjyr to be estimated. These results are broadly consistent with a hot spot origin for the volcanoes. Tue, 01 Oct 1985 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/938 1985-10-01T00:00:00Z McDougall, Ian http://hdl.handle.net/10125/942 A variety of egg types removed from near-surface plankton tows off Hawaii developed into young squids. Previously, the eggs of pelagic, oceanic squids were virtually unknown. Over 90% of these near-surface plankton tows taken with a l-m net contained squid eggs. About 90% of the eggs were collected in the upper 100m with most of these coming from the mixed layer. The eggs were separate rather than in masses. Two egg types have been identified. One belongs to the Enoploteuthinae, which are thought to spawn individual eggs. The other belongs to the Brachioteuthidae, whose spawning mode is unknown. Most squids are thought to deposit eggs in masses. Estimates, based on the abundance of the captured eggs, indicate that the chances of sampling an intact egg mass with a plankton net are small. Tue, 01 Oct 1985 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/942 1985-10-01T00:00:00Z Young, Richard Edward; Harman, Robert F; Mangold, Katharina M http://hdl.handle.net/10125/944 Tue, 01 Oct 1985 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/944 1985-10-01T00:00:00Z LaRosa, Anne Marie http://hdl.handle.net/10125/940 Tue, 01 Oct 1985 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/940 1985-10-01T00:00:00Z Wells, John W http://hdl.handle.net/10125/943 Belone stolzmanni is a multiple-spawning fish, spawning more than once during a reproductive season. The smallest reproductively active female measured 380mm standard length (SL); the smallest spermiogenic male measured 353mm SL. Only one gonad develops in each sex. Peru has a highly diverse (Chirichigno 1980) but little studied fish fauna. In an effort to add to our knowledge of the reproductive biology of Peruvian fishes, samples of the little-known belonid fish Belone stolzmanni were obtained. The range of this fish extends from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to the Islas Chincha (Peru) and the Galapagos Islands (Chirichigno 1980). Nothing is known of its reproductive biology . The purpose of this note is to provide a histological analysis of gonad samples collected during summer. Tue, 01 Oct 1985 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/943 1985-10-01T00:00:00Z Goldberg, Stephen R; Pizzorno, Marie C http://hdl.handle.net/10125/945 The food habits of several forest birds and their potential role in the dispersal of firetree (Myrica faya) were studied in two areas of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Observations were made during peak firetree fruiting (October-November 1983) in areas where 'ohi'a (Metrosideros polymorpha) and firetree are codominant. Both native and introduced birds foraged in firetree and 'ohi' a, but introduced birds were more common in firetree. Ofthe six bird species observed, 'oma'o (Phaeornis obscurus) and house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) were the principal dispersal agents in the areas studied, while the common 'amakihi (Hemignathus virens) was secondarily important. Japanese white-eyes (Zosterops japonicus), though feeding on the fruit, rarely ingested the seed. 'Apapane (Himatione sanguinea) and Northern American cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) were not observed eating firetree fruit. Germination rates and successes of several native and alien species are generally unaffected by passage through the digestive tracts of captive Japanese white-eyes and common mynas (Acridotheres tristis). Tue, 01 Oct 1985 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/945 1985-10-01T00:00:00Z LaRosa, Anne M; Smith, Clifford W; Gardner, Donald E http://hdl.handle.net/10125/941 Twelve species of comatulid crinoids in three families were found to inhabit reefs at Kwajalein Atoll during surveys conducted both day and night by divers using scuba gear. Eleven of the species represent new records for the atoll, and five are new for the Marshall Islands. A systematic resume of each species is presented, including observations on diel activity patterns, degree of exposure when active, and current requirements deduced from local distributions. More than half of the species were strictly nocturnal. Densities of nocturnal populations were much higher than those typically observed during the day . Occurrence and distribution of crinoids about the atoll appeared to be influenced by prevailing currents. Some species, of predominantly cryptic and semicryptic habit by day, occurred at sites both with and without strong currents. While these species were able to survive in habitats where currents prevailed, they appeared not to require strong current flow. In contrast, the remaining species, predominantly large, fully exposed comasterids, were true rheophiles; these were found on seaward reefs and only on lagoon reefs in close proximity to tidal passes . Comparison of crinoid records between atolls in the Marshall Islands shows Kwajalein to have the highest diversity , although current disparities between atolls in the number of species recorded undoubtedly reflect to some extent differences in sampling effort and methods. Based on pooled records, a total of 14 shallow-water crinoid species is known for the Marshall Islands, compared with 21 for the Palau Archipelago and 55 for the Philippines. The Marshall Islands comatulid fauna is predominantly an attenuated western Pacific fauna, dominated by widely distributed members of the family Comasteridae. A field identification key for crinoids of the Marshall Islands is provided. Tue, 01 Oct 1985 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/941 1985-10-01T00:00:00Z Zmarzly, DL http://hdl.handle.net/10125/939 Thirty Aridisol soil samples of the Kawaihae soil series on the dry, leeward, northwestern side of the island of Hawaii and 13 Histosol samples of the Papai series on the wet, windward, eastern side of the island were subjected to (1) complete dissolution by a mixture ofHN03, HCl, and HF to determine total concentrations of Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn and (2) extraction of these metals by shaking 10 g soil: 100 mL 0.5M HCl solutions for 16hr to determine nonresidual concentrations. Analyses were performed mainly by flame and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Loss on ignition (LOI) and soil pH were also determined. Total metal concentrations, quantity extracted, LOI, and soil pH were analyzed statistically. Compared to the Histosol, the Aridisol samples typically contain more Co, Cr, Fe, and Mn, less Cu, similar concentrations of Ni and Zn, and have less LOI and higher pH. The Aridisol exhibits a high degree of correlation between total Cr and Ni, while a strong negative correlation occurs between Cu, Mn, Co, and Fe individually with LOI in the Histosol. The mean concentrations of these metals in both soils are significantly greater than those which occur in soils of the conterminous United States. The effectiveness of extraction by the acid solution, as measured by the percentage of metal extracted, is approximately Mn > Co > Cu > Cr > Fe > Zn - Ni for the Aridisol and Cu - Zn > Co - Mn > Fe - Ni > Cr for the Histosol; the difference is attributed to weathering under different climatic conditions. The latter soils exhibit a higher degree of correlation for percentages of metals extracted among the various metals and with LOI. Tue, 01 Oct 1985 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/939 1985-10-01T00:00:00Z Barnard, Walther; Halbig, Joseph B http://hdl.handle.net/10125/937 Mon, 01 Jul 1985 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/937 1985-07-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/936 Chromosome numbers of 30 collections representing 29 species and 16 families of Hawaiian flowering plants are presented an d discussed. The chromosome numbers of 24 of these species have not previously been reported. Chromosome numbers are also documented for the first time in the genera Colubrina (n = 24), Isodendrion (n = 8), Notho cestrum (n = c. 24), Remya (n = 18), and Schiedea (n = 30). Mon, 01 Jul 1985 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/936 1985-07-01T00:00:00Z Carr, Gerald D http://hdl.handle.net/10125/935 Freshwater and subaerial diatom floras have not been extensively examined in the Hawaiian Islands. This paper reports the study of a subaerial diatom flora in a small steam vent near Kilauea Crater, Island of Hawaii. A total of 35 taxa was identified , 3 of which are new records for the state. The Kilauea vent flora is unusual in floral composition and differs markedly from other Hawaiian subaerial diatom floras we have studied, particularly in the dominance of Anomoeoneis serians var. brachysira and Frustulia rhomboides. Mon, 01 Jul 1985 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/935 1985-07-01T00:00:00Z McMillan, Mischelle; Rushforth, Samuel R http://hdl.handle.net/10125/934 The labrid fish Bodianus cylindriatus (Tanaka), previously known only from Japan, is recorded from the Kanmu Seamount of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands from a single specimen 145mm SL which has been deposited in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum under BPBM 30346. The fish was taken by trawling at a depth of 340-510 m. Mon, 01 Jul 1985 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/934 1985-07-01T00:00:00Z Randall, John E; Chen, Chung-Hui http://hdl.handle.net/10125/933 A new species of the scleractinian coral genus Montastrea de Blainville, 1830 was discovered in the Philippines and has been given the name Montastrea multipunctata. This species may have been previously overlooked due to its striking resemblance to a co-occurring zoanthid. Montastrea multipunctata is unusual because in situ, sediment accumulation often partially covers the corallum, especially in the area between the polyps. The features of M. multipunctata coralla are modified by a polychaete worm that resides within them, a relationship found in several other faviid species. Although M. multipunctata shares some characteristics with other Montastrea species, it is clearly differentiated on the basis of growth form, polyp shape, and corallite morphology, especially the pointed septal dentations of the primary septa, which are usually highly exsert over the theca. Mon, 01 Jul 1985 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/933 1985-07-01T00:00:00Z Hodgson, Gregor http://hdl.handle.net/10125/932 The entire process of development from eggs to juveniles in the seastar Astropecten gisselbrechti was observed, with special attention to the external morphology and formation of the skeletal system . The breeding season of this seastar along the coast of Tsuyazaki (33°47' N, 130°28' E), Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, is in June. The eggs are 353 /lm average diameter, semitranslucent, and pale brown in color. Development proceeded as follows at 25°C: Embryos develop through a wrinkled blastula stage that lasts about 5 hr (from 5 hr after insemination) by total and equal cleavage. Gastrulae bearing an expanded distal portion of the archenteron hatch from the fertilization membrane 15hr after insemination. Gastrulae develop into barrel-shaped larvae 11 days after insemination. The larva is free-swimming, and is neither bipinnaria nor brachiolaria because it lacks an open larval mouth, arms , and ciliary bands. Rudiments of the adult skeletal plates appear at this time. Metamorphosis is completed 4 days after insemination, mostly by absorption of the stalk, a larval organ, or rarely by rupture of the stalk. The newly metamorphosed juvenile is 650 /lm in diameter and bears two pairs of tube-feet on each arm . This is the third reported observation of a barrel-shaped larva in asteroids. Mon, 01 Jul 1985 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/932 1985-07-01T00:00:00Z Komatsu, Mieko; Nojima, Satoshi http://hdl.handle.net/10125/931 Sediment samples collected from the Waiakea Mill Pond, Wailoa River, and Hilo Bay were analyzed for arsenic. Arsenic was detectable in 10of II sediment samples, and ranged in concentration from 2 to 715 ppm. Two species of plant and seven species of animal were collected from the Waiakea Mill Pond and analyzed for arsenic. No arsenic was detected in the plants, whereas four of the seven animal species had arsenic concentrations ranging from a trace to 1.3ppm. Sediments of the Wailoa River estuary have much higher concentrations of' arsenic than those of Hilo Bay, indicating that most arsenic is located near the original source of pollution, a factory that once operated on the shores of the Waiakea Mill Pond. Much of the arsenic is found in anaerobic regions of the sediment where it has been relatively undisturbed by biological activity. The low levels of arsenic in the biota of the estuary suggest that there is little remineralization of the region's arsenic and that it is trapped in anaerobic sediment layers. Mon, 01 Jul 1985 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/931 1985-07-01T00:00:00Z Hallacher, Leon E; Kho, Ernest B; Bernard, Nancy D; Orcutt, Annie M; Dudley, Walter C Jr; Hammond, Thomas M http://hdl.handle.net/10125/930 Mon, 01 Apr 1985 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/930 1985-04-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/929 A proposed new species of the benthic amphipod genus Ampelisca is described from fine coral sand off Hawaii. Ampelisca hawaiiensis, new species, is most closely related to Ampelisca schellenbergi from the western Atlantic and A. fageri from the eastern Pacific. Morphological characters useful in separating the proposed new taxon are the first coxa l plate; legs 3, 4, and 7; and uropods 2 and 3. Mon, 01 Jul 1985 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/929 1985-07-01T00:00:00Z Goeke, Gary D