Pacific Science, Volume 27, Numbers 1-4, 1973

A Description of the Sea Anemone Stomphia didemon sp. nov. and Its Development

Siebert, Arthur E Jr — Mon, 01 Oct 1973 00:00:00 GMT

Stomphia didemon is described as a new species of sea anemone from the San Juan Archipelago, Washington. It possesses about 192 tentacles and 96 pairs of mesenteries. The cnidom is spirocysts, basitrichs, microbasic b-mastigophores, and microbasic p-mastigophores. S. didemon spawned in April and May. The eggs are 750 to 800 /lm in diameter, orange, and centrolecithal; cleavage is superficial, equal, and incomplete. Endoderm formation is by unipolar ingression from a fold in the surface of the blastula. Settlement of the planulae is favored by the presence of sand or gravel. Attempts were made to fertilize eggs of S. coccinea with sperm from S. didemon, but the cross-fertilized eggs failed to develop.

Generic Diversity of Scleractinian Reef Corals in the Central Solomon Islands

Weber, Jon N — Mon, 01 Oct 1973 00:00:00 GMT

On the Use of Morphometric Data as a Guide to Reproductive Maturity in the Ghost Crab, Ocypode ceratophthalmus (Pallas) (Brachyura, Ocypodidae)

Haley, SR — Mon, 01 Oct 1973 00:00:00 GMT

Morphometric data and gonadal histology of the Hawaiian Ghost Crab, Ocypode ceratophthalmus (Pallas), were compared in order to define external morphological guides to reproductive maturity. Males begin producing mature spermatozoa at a carapace width of about 27 mm, an eyestalk length of 12 mm, a copulatory pleopod length of about 11 mm, and a chelar shape index (major chelar propodus length/propodus width) of 1.5. Spermatophores are found within the posterior extensions of the testes in all males for whom these first three values exceed 33 mm, 18 mm, and 14mm, respectively; and the chelar shape index is 1.45. Females first show evidence of copulation (measured by the presence of spermatozoa in the spermathecae) and initiate vitellogenesis (production of yolk within oocytes) at carapace widths of about 33 mm and 29 mm, respectively.

Pacific Ocean Equatorial Temperature and Wind

Montgomery, RB — Mon, 01 Oct 1973 00:00:00 GMT

Equatorial ocean temperatures at long. 1650 W during 1957-1971 are presented. Their correlation with Canton Island surface wind is found to be -0.57, which is not so close as might be expected from a recent paper by Hires and Montgomery. When the annual cycles are removed, the correlation becomes - 0.69. The annual cycle of Canton Island wind shows a primary maximum in August and a secondary maximum in February-March, somewhat inverse to the previously found cycle of equatorial temperature.

A Preliminary Report of the Biology of the Genus Charpentiera (Amaranthaceae)

Sohmer, SH — Mon, 01 Oct 1973 00:00:00 GMT

The genus Charpentiera (Amaranthaceae), found in the Hawaiian and Austral archipelagoes, has a structurally gynodioecious but functionally dioecious breeding system. The sex ratio varies from taxon to taxon within the genus. The sex-determining mechanism is unknown. A high rate of ovule sterility is found in all the taxa, which i~ not predicted by the pollen sterility figures reported. Data concerning seed size, pollen size, and seed germination potential are provided. Hybridization is demonstrated to occur between Charpentiera densiflora Sohmer and C. elliptica (Hilleb.) Heller. Reproductive isolation is reported for C. tomentosa var. tomentosa Sohmer and C. obovata Gaud.

Reef Corals and Coral Reefs in the Vicinity of Port Moresby, South Coast of Papua New Guinea

Weber, Jon N — Mon, 01 Oct 1973 00:00:00 GMT

A Review of the Damselfish Genus Chromis from the Hawaiian Islands, with Descriptions of Three New Species

Randall, John E; Swerdloff, Stanley N — Mon, 01 Oct 1973 00:00:00 GMT

The pomacentrid genus Chromis is represented by eight species in the Hawaiian Islands: vanderbilti, leucurus, agilis, ovalis, verater, and the new species acares, hanui, and struhsakeri. Agilis and hanui were formerly confused as color phases of leucurus. Ovalis, verater, hanui, and struhsakeri are known only from the Hawaiian region, the latter from depths of 103 to 184 meters. The range of vanderbilti is extended to other central and western Pacific localities; acares is described from Johnston Island and other islands of Oceania; leucurus is recorded from the Marquesas Islands, and verater from Johnston Island. The genera pycnochromis, Thrissochromis, Serrichromis, Lepicephalochromis, and Siphonochromis described by Fowler (1941-1946) are referred to the synonymy of Chromis. Daseyllus caudofasciatus Montalban is a junior synonym of Chromis lepidolepis Bleeker. Siphonochromis lepidostethicus Fowler and Lepicephalochromis westalli Whitley are junior synonyms of Chromis isharae (Schmidt).

Amphiprion leucokranos, a New Species of Pomacentrid Fish, with Notes on Other Anemonefishes of New Guinea

Allen, Gerald R — Mon, 01 Oct 1973 00:00:00 GMT

A new species of anemonefish, Amphiprion leucokranos, is described from Madang, New Guinea and Fergusson Island, D'Entrecasteaux Group. The species is closely related to A. sandaracinos Allen, but differs in color pattern and several morphological features. Notes are included on the anemone hosts, abundance, local distribution, color pattern, and zoogeography of the eight species of Amphiprion at Madang.

Size, Growth, and Reproduction of the Sandbar Shark, Carcharhinus milberti, in Hawaii

Wass, Richard C — Mon, 01 Oct 1973 00:00:00 GMT

27: Index - Pacific Science

Mon, 01 Jan 1973 00:00:00 GMT

27:4 Table of Contents - Pacific Science

Mon, 01 Oct 1973 00:00:00 GMT

Calcium Carbonate and Gross-Size Analysis of Surface Sediments, Western Equatorial Pacific

Valencia, Mark J — Sun, 01 Jul 1973 00:00:00 GMT

Surface-sediment samples taken from the tops of 47 free-fall, triggerweight, or piston cores from an area in the western equatorial Pacific (long 1550 E1750 E, lat 100 N-10° S) were separated into three size-fractions ( < 44 p" 44-246 p" > 246 p,), and the calcium carbonate content of the total sample and of each sizefraction was determined. Subaerial volcanic dilution from the direction of the Solomon Islands prompted exclusion of some samples from carbonate and sizefraction profiles. An abrupt decrease in carbonate content in the western equatorial Pacific occurs at 3,500 m, whereas the compensation depth is found at 5,250 m. Comparisons of previous works and examination of the present data prompt the assertion that, under specified conditions, the sedimentary lysocline may be approximated by the slope-break in plots of carbonate content versus depth. A strong positive correlation (0.92, P < 0.001) of the < 44-p, fraction with depth suggests that anomalous values for this weight-fraction may be useful in delineating displaced surface sediments in the area studied.

The Distribution, Abundance, and Communities of Deepwater Hawaiian Crustose Corallinaceae (Rhodophyta, Cryptonemiales)

Littler, Mark M — Sun, 01 Jul 1973 00:00:00 GMT

Two deepwater (8-28 m) areas studied off Oahu, Hawaii, are remarkably similar in the kinds and order of importance of calcareous producer organisms. Hydrolithon breviclavium is primary at the Maile deep area (25-percent cover) as well as at Waikiki (37-percent cover). At Maile H. reinboldii (7-percent cover) ranks second in relative importance; however, at Waikiki Tenarea tessellatum (5-percent cover) and corals (3-percent cover) are so abundant at the stations below 20 m that they surpass H. reinboldii (2 percent) in total cover. Corals (2-percent cover) and T. tessellatum (I-percent cover) rank third and fourth, respectively, as important builders in the Maile deep area. At Waikiki, when density and frequency are considered with the cover values, corals are second in importance followed by H. reinboldii and T. tessellatum. The deepwater crustose Corallinaceae (38-percent mean cover) overshadow all other calcareous organisms in terms of standing stock and also seem to have more biological influence than do the other limestone producers.

Lichens from the Southern Alps, New Zealand II, Records from the Mt. Cook District

Fineran, BA; Dodge, CW — Sun, 01 Jul 1973 00:00:00 GMT

A New Living Species of Gouania (Rhamnaceae) on Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Hawaiian Plant Studies 40

St. John, Harold — Sun, 01 Jul 1973 00:00:00 GMT

Plant Succession on Pago and Witori Volcanoes, New Britain

Paijmans, K — Sun, 01 Jul 1973 00:00:00 GMT

The Transformation of Energy by Lucifer chacei (Crustacea, Decapoda)

Zimmerman, Steven T — Sun, 01 Jul 1973 00:00:00 GMT

A laboratory study of energy transformations by the pelagic decapod crustacean Lucifer chacei was made. Three combined stages were cultured and studied: the protozoea-zoea stages, the combined early and late schizopod stages, and the combined adult stages. Growth rates, dry weight, ash content, and calorific values were determined for each. Number of calories per hour ingested, assimilated, and respired were also determined for each of the combined stages. An energy flow diagram was constructed from the data. Growth from egg to adult took slightly more than 3 weeks. Protozoea-zoea and schizopod stages assimilated 10.1 percent and 10.4 percent of ingested Dunaliella tertiolecta. Adults assimilated 7.7 percent of ingested Dunaliella tertiolecta and approximately 22 percent of ingested Artemia salina nauplii. The data indicate that a change from herbivorous larvae to omnivorous adults may have to occur in the natural environment because the older stages cannot obtain enough energy for growth from phytoplankton alone. When data for all stages were combined, gross growth efficiency and net growth efficiency for Lucifer were approximately 10 percent and 81 percent, respectively.

Movement Patterns of Polynesian Rats (Rattus exulans) in Sugarcane

Lindsey, Gerald D; Nass, Roger D; Hood, Glenn A; Hirata, David N — Sun, 01 Jul 1973 00:00:00 GMT

Movements of Polynesian rats (Rattus exulans) in a sugarcane field and adjacent gulch areas were determined both by livetrapping and radiotelemetry during various stages of the 2-year crop cycle. Both types of data showed that the rats were relatively sedentary. The average distance traveled between successive trap captures was 104 feet, and 65 percent of the successive captures were made within 75 feet of each other. Eighty-six percent of the radiotelemetry bearings located the rats within 300 feet of their burrows. Females moved less than males, and the home ranges of both sexes decreased as sugarcane matured. Initially, all rats lived in the gulches, although they foraged into the cane field at night. As the cane matured, more and more rats dug cane-field burrows. These movement data suggest that control programs to protect sugarcane from damage by rats should concentrate on adjacent noncrop areas in the early stages of the crop cycle and include the fields in the later stages.

Attacks on Humans by the Blacktip Reef Shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus)

Randall, John E; Helfman, Gene S — Sun, 01 Jul 1973 00:00:00 GMT

The blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus me/anopterus) occurs in shallow waters throughout most of the tropical Indo-Pacific. Its classification, distribution, and biology are reviewed. Ten attacks by this shark at Palau, Phoenix, Line, and Marshall islands, Caroline Atoll, and Tuamotu Archipelago are summarized. Only three attacks resulted in injuries. Eight of the 10 attacks occurred during the afternoon; nine, in water less than waist deep. All but one victim were wading, and dead or injured fishes were present prior to only three incidents. Contrary to previous reports, the blacktip reef shark should be considered dangerous.

Pollutants in North Pacific Albatrosses

Fisher, Harvey I — Sun, 01 Jul 1973 00:00:00 GMT

Visceral fat from Black-footed Albatrosses, Diomedea nigripes, and Laysan Albatrosses, D. immutabilis, from Midway Atoll, North Pacific Ocean, in 1969 contained appreciable residues of DDT, DDE, and PCBs, and measurable quantities of DDD, dieldrin, and mercury. Greater residues in Black-footed Albatrosses may have resulted from scavenging. No gamma-emitting radionuclides were detected. No decreases in eggshell weight occurred in either species between 1910 and 1969.