http://hdl.handle.net/10125/365 Sun, 26 May 2013 01:05:51 GMT 2013-05-26T01:05:51Z http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu:80/bitstream/id/1473/PacSci.jpg http://hdl.handle.net/10125/365 http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12586 Fri, 01 Jan 1982 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12586 1982-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1370 Fri, 01 Oct 1982 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1370 1982-10-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1369 Thu, 01 Jul 1982 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1369 1982-07-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/661 Fri, 01 Oct 1982 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/661 1982-10-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/482 The genus Trematolobelia (Lobeliaceae) is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. It resembles Lobelia, except for its peculiar dehiscence. On ripening the capsules shed their epidermis and soft mesocarp, exposing the outer bony endocarp which is pierced by numerous holes. On the exposed ridges or cliff faces, the slender stem is whipped back and forth by the wind. Centrifugal force ejects the seeds through the holes of the endocarp. This monograph presents nine species and three varieties of the genus, five on Hawaii, two on Oahu and Molokai, and one each on Kauai, Lanai, east Maui, and west Maui. Eight of them are new or are new placements. Fri, 01 Oct 1982 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/482 1982-10-01T00:00:00Z St. John, Harold http://hdl.handle.net/10125/481 Miller AC.1982. Effects of differential fish grazing on the community structure of an intertidal reef flat at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands. Pac Sci 36(4): 467-482. The high and middle intertidal zones of the northeastern portion ("barren") of the limestone bench on the windward side of Enewetak Island, Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands, have a significantly higher number of herbivorous fishes grazing at high tide than the same intertidal zones of the reef flat 300 m to the southwest ("algae-covered"). This portion of the reef flat in the barren, heavily grazed area has a significantly lower coverage by erect, macroscopic algae and a lower algal biomass than the same portion of the reef flat in the algae-covered area. The removal of part of the limestone substratum by the grazing fishes as they feed and the reduced coverage by erect, macroscopic algae result in a lower topographic relief in the barren area than found in the algaecovered area. The heavily grazed area has a significantly lower number of mobile epifaunal invertebrate species and individuals per square meter than the lightly grazed area. Differences in infauna (sipunculans, polychaete worms, and tanaid crustaceans) are not so clear. When portions of the barren area were excluded from fish grazing activity for three months, the substratum under the exclosures had 100%coverage by an algal mat; the density of mobile invertebrate epifauna was an order of magnitude higher than in quadrats outside the exclosures. Although the high and middle intertidal community is subjected to apparently severe physical stresses (desiccation, insolation, wave shock, ultraviolet radiation, and osmotic stress from evaporation in the tide pools and rainfall), it appears to be principally structured by the grazing activities of herbivorous fishes. The high level of grazing in the barren area results in coverage by filamentous blue-green algae and a diatom-bacterial film, which may be a nutritionally more important food source to the fishes than the coralline algae in the algae-covered area. Fri, 01 Oct 1982 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/481 1982-10-01T00:00:00Z Miller, Alan C http://hdl.handle.net/10125/480 Six caridean shrimps are reported from the Gulf of California, Mexico, for the first time: Ambidexter symmetricus, Latreutes parvulus, and Salmoneus ortmanni were not previously reported in the eastern Pacific; northern range extensions are given for Thor manningi, Ambidexter panamensis, and Automate dolichognatha. A brief discussion on amphiamerican species is included with a comparison of brachyuran crabs and caridean shrimps. Fri, 01 Oct 1982 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/480 1982-10-01T00:00:00Z Rios, Ruben; Carvacho, Alberto http://hdl.handle.net/10125/479 Hawaiian Pinnidae consist of five species: Pinna muricata Linne, 1758, P. bicolor Gmelin, 1791, Atrina vexillum (Born, 1778), Streptopinna saccata (Linne, 1758), and the recently rediscovered Pinna exquisita Dall, Bartsch, and Rehder, 1938. Differentiating characters are discussed, and P. exquisita is redescribed. Fri, 01 Oct 1982 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/479 1982-10-01T00:00:00Z Rosewater, Joseph http://hdl.handle.net/10125/478 In the laboratory Tonna perdix attacked and often engulfed individuals of five holothurian species. Two species, Stichopus chloronotus and S. horrens, sometimes escaped attacks by shedding a piece of body wall and bounding away from the predator. Bounding employed an exaggerated, direct arching peristalsis and was much faster than ordinary crawling. The general response of each of the other three species, Holothuria atra, H. cinerascens, and H. hilla, was a shortening of the body lengthwise accompanied by a swelling of the body into a spherelike shape. This response was not usually effective as an escape maneuver. Only H. hilla eviscerated during attacks and this was a direct result of penetration of the visceral cavity by the tonnid radula. Fri, 01 Oct 1982 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/478 1982-10-01T00:00:00Z Kropp, Roy K http://hdl.handle.net/10125/477 A hydrozoan of the genus Cladonema, new to the American west coast, is described from specimens taken from a display tank on the Berkeley campus of the University of California. Observations of its life history revealed it to be synonymous with Cladonema uchidai Hirai, 1958, known and described from northern Japan, although its distribution is probably much wider and includes coastal China and the USSR. The species is presumed to be present in San Francisco Bay, a point of introduction for many exotic species, although it is not yet known from the field. Fri, 01 Oct 1982 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/477 1982-10-01T00:00:00Z Rees, John T http://hdl.handle.net/10125/476 The Crater District of Haleakala National Park was surveyed for ants. Three species were found. Argentine ants (Iridomyrmex humilis) occurred only within I km of the park headquarters and the nearby research facility. Hypoponera opaciceps was found in small numbers throughout the Crater District. Cardiocondyla emeryi was present only at the head of Kaupo Gap. Possible impacts of these ant species on the endemic, flightless insects of the park are discussed. Fri, 01 Oct 1982 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/476 1982-10-01T00:00:00Z Fellers, Joan H; Fellers, Gary M http://hdl.handle.net/10125/475 Long-term annual precipitation records from 31 stations on the southeast and windward sides of the island of Hawaii were analyzed by a simple linear regression technique for possible significant trends during the approximate period 1900-1977. Records from stations along the windward side of the island showed a general downward trend and along the southeast side of the island a general upward trend. An explanation for these trends has not been found; however, a shift in tradewind direction has been suggested as a possible cause. Wind direction records are not complete enough to establish a relationship between the two trends. The decrease in annual precipitation around the Waimea area represents a significant effect on water resources of the area. Fri, 01 Oct 1982 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/475 1982-10-01T00:00:00Z Doty, Robert D http://hdl.handle.net/10125/474 The post-erosional Kalaupapa Basalt on East Molokai, Hawaii, erupted between 0.34 and 0.57 million years ago to form the Kalaupapa Peninsula. The Kalaupapa Basalt ranges in composition from basanite to lava transitional between alkalic and tholeiitic basalt. Rare-earth and other trace-element abundances suggest that the Kalaupapa Basalt could be generated by 11-17% partial melting of a light-REE-enriched source like that from which the posterosional lavas of the Honolulu Group on Oahu were generated by 2-11% melting. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the lavas range from 0.70320 to 0.70332, suggesting that the variation in composition mainly reflects variation in the melting process rather than heterogeneity of sources. The length of the period of volcanic quiescence that preceded eruption of post-erosional lavas in the Hawaiian Islands decreased as volcanism progressed from Kauai toward Kilauea. Fri, 01 Oct 1982 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/474 1982-10-01T00:00:00Z Clague, David A; Dao-gong, Chen; Murnane, Richard; Beeson, Melvin H; Lanphere, Marvin A; Dalrymple, G. Brent; Friesen, Walter; Holcomb, Robin T http://hdl.handle.net/10125/473 In general, the oxygen affinity of hemocyanin does not decrease when tropical decapod crustaceans carryon gas exchange in air instead of water. Other oxygenation properties such as cooperativity and the Bohr shift also change very little, if at all. The generalization of a higher oxygen affinity in tropical than in temperate zone species appears to be true but has exceptions of unclear origins, emphasizing the crudity of correlations between respiratory properties of the blood and gross features of the environment. Thu, 01 Jul 1982 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/473 1982-07-01T00:00:00Z Mangum, Charlotte P http://hdl.handle.net/10125/472 Several aspects of respiratory gas exchange are distinctive in the giant clam Tridacna squamosa, which obtains nutrients from symbiotic dinoflagellates found in the mantle. During the day, when more oxygen is produced than consumed by the host and its symbionts, oxygen extraction is negative. Exhalant water P02 is higher than inhalant water P02, and prebranchial blood P02 is higher than heart blood P02. Ventilation of the mantle cavity and the gills continues, which rids the system of much excess oxygen and, possibly, prevents the formation of gas bubbles in the blood, which is supersaturated. In the dark, when the oxygen balance shifts to a rate of uptake that is unexceptional among lamellibranchs, the ventilation rate remains low and oxygen extraction high relative to species that rely exclusively on an exogenous food source. On a 24-hr basis, the total oxygen uptake exceeded the total oxygen production. Thu, 01 Jul 1982 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/472 1982-07-01T00:00:00Z Mangum, CP; Johansen, K http://hdl.handle.net/10125/471 The pedal retractor muscles of Strombidae contain high activities of both alanopine dehydrogenase and octopine dehydrogenase, raising questions as to the functions of these two enzymes during muscle anoxia associated with locomotion. Alanopine dehydrogenase and octopine dehydrogenase were isolated from the pedal retractor muscle of Strombus luhuanus, and their structural and kinetic properties investigated. Alanopine dehydrogenase occurs as a single electrophoretic form with a molecular weight of approx. 42,000. Octopine dehydrogenase was electrophoretically polymorphic, existing as three alleles in the population of animals studied. The major form of the enzyme had a molecular weight of approx. 39,000. Both enzymes displayed similar pH optima for the forward (pyruvate reduction) reaction and similar Km values for the common substrates pyruvate and NADH. During bursts of leaping, both octopine and strombine/alanopine accumulated in the pedal retractor muscles of Strombidae. However, during recovery from exercise, only strombine/alanopine accumulated. Octopine was a potent inhibitor of the forward reaction catalyzed by octopine dehydrogenase, and may act to prevent further octopine production during the recovery phase. The results of this study show that both alanopine dehydrogenase and octopine dehydrogenase are functioning to catalyze the terminal step of anaerobic glycolysis during muscle anoxia associated with locomotion. Thu, 01 Jul 1982 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/471 1982-07-01T00:00:00Z Baldwin, J; England, WR http://hdl.handle.net/10125/470 In this study we compare spermiogenesis and ultrastructure of the mature sperm in two species of acoel Turbellaria from the Philippines. Sperm development is divided into five stages: (1) the early undifferentiated state, with a large nucleus, sparse cytoplasm containing few organelles, and no inclusions; (2) spermiogenesis I, in which Golgi activity is prominent, dense bodies appear in the cytoplasm, and peripheral centrioles migrate toward the nucleus; (3) spermiogenesis II, in which a manchette of microrods forms around the nucleus, refractile bodies are produced by the Golgi, and free 9+0 flagella are seen between the cells; (4) spermiogenesis III, which is characterized by marked cell elongation, nuclear condensation, and flagellar elongation and incorporation into the developing spermatid shaft; and (5) the mature sperm, which has a proximal nucleus, a middle shaft region containing a central keel of microrods, laterally incorporated axonemes, and many inclusions such as refractile bodies, dense bodies, open vesicles, mitochondria, and a distal flagellar region containing the two 9+0 axonemes tapering to terminal basal bodies. We propose that the refractile bodies may function as acrosomes, that the central keel provides support, that the biflagellate condition is important in providing the motile force that moves the sperm through intercellular spaces, and that the 9+0 axonemes may contain some central structure. The microrods of the keel appear to be a previously undescribed cellular component. The peculiar morphology of these spermatozoa is probably an adaptation associated with locomotion through the interdigitated acoel parenchyma where an extremely elongate cell, propelled flagellar tip first by undulations, is particularly efficient. Thu, 01 Jul 1982 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/470 1982-07-01T00:00:00Z Boyer, Barbara Conta; Smith, George W http://hdl.handle.net/10125/469 Antisera produced against octopine dehydrogenases isolated from a gastropod and a cephalopod were used to investigate structural and evolutionary relationships of this enzyme in a range of mollusks. Antisera against octopine dehydrogenase of the blue-ringed octopus Hapalochlaena maculosa was most effective in inhibiting the enzyme from other octopods, followed by the enzymes of squids and cuttlefishes. Limited inhibition also occurred with octopine dehydrogenase of Nautilus pompilius, a representative of the most ancient group of living cephalopods. This antisera did not inhibit octopine dehydrogenases ofgastropods or bivalves. Antisera against the enzyme of the gastropod Strombus luhuanus inhibited octopine dehydrogenases from other genera of the family Strombidae, but did not inhibit the enzyme from other families of gastropods or the enzymes from cephalopods or bivalves. It is concluded that the octopine dehydrogenases of cephalopods possess structural similarities and have diverged from a common ancestral gene. The structural and evolutionary relationships among gastropod octopine dehydrogenases and the relationships among octopine dehydrogenases from different molluscan classes remain unresolved. Thu, 01 Jul 1982 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/469 1982-07-01T00:00:00Z Baldwin, John http://hdl.handle.net/10125/468 The maximum activities of octopine dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, alanopine dehydrogenase, citrate synthetase, a-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase were measured in a range of muscles used in swimming by octopods, squids, cuttlefishes, and a nautiloid. The high activities of octopine dehydrogenase and the positive correlation between the activities of Krebs cycle enzymes and enzymes used in the cytoplasmic reoxidation of NADH during aerobic glycolysis indicate the importance of carbohydrates as a major fuel during both anaerobic and aerobic muscle work. The maximum activities of enzymes associated with anaerobic and aerobic carbohydrate catabolism correlate well with the ways in which cephalopod muscles are used in providing propulsion during swimming. Thu, 01 Jul 1982 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/468 1982-07-01T00:00:00Z Baldwin, John http://hdl.handle.net/10125/467 The metabolism of proline and arginine was investigated in kidney, gill, and heart of the pelagic squid, Symplectoteuthis. The rates of CO2 release from 14C-proline exceeded the rates from 14C-arginine. The metabolic rate of arginine and proline was assessed by monitoring the incorporation of arginine-derived carbon into various intermediates. Arginine was metabolized, through ornithine, to proline as well as to glutamate and various subsequent derivatives (alanine, octopine, aspartate, and carboxylic acids). The same components became labeled using 14C-proline as the starting substrate, but only the gill was capable of converting proline to arginine via the urea cycle. In addition, 14C-proline oxidation rates were high enough to exceed those of 14C-glucose in at least three tissues, kidney, heart, and inner mantle muscle. Thu, 01 Jul 1982 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/467 1982-07-01T00:00:00Z Mommsen, TP; French, CJ; Emmett, B; Hochachka, PW