http://hdl.handle.net/10125/2124 Tue, 21 May 2013 08:59:38 GMT 2013-05-21T08:59:38Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20818 Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2008.; All of these four features are weaker over USA and the surrounding oceans than in Mexico.; Clouds affect the Earth's energy balance by reflecting incoming sunlight and trapping outgoing heat. It has been hypothesized that various cloud properties (e.g., reflectivity, coverage, lifetime and precipitation efficiency) partly depend on the number concentration of aerosols that serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) during cloud growth. The CCN number varies widely throughout the world over time, and is poorly known. Therefore, a means to convert satellite derived aerosol optical properties to CCN concentration would help evaluate this important indirect effect of aerosols on radiation balance. In order to assess whether remote sensing of CCN is feasible, this dissertation explores the relationships among aerosol size distribution, chemical composition and optical properties measured during aircraft experiments over USA and Mexico.; The aircraft data illuminate four reasons why remote sensing of CCN concentration can potentially achieve a small relative error (<20%) over Mexico. First, many pollution particles are large enough to significantly affect light extinction. They even dominate it in absence of dust. Consequently, the correlation between extinction and CCN number is high, once the extinction due to dust is excluded using the wavelength dependence of extinction. Second, the ambient humidity is usually low, which reduces the error in the estimated response of particle extinction to humidity changes. Third, because many CCN contain black carbon, light absorption also provides a measure of the CCN concentration. The fourth reason is pertinent to the chemical properties of CCN. The organic fraction of volatile mass of submicron particles (OMF) was found to be anti-correlated with the wavelength dependence of extinction. This anti-correlation provides a potential tool for remote-sensing not only OMF but also the CCN activity, if the relationship between these two properties is tight and known. The concurrent aircraft measurement of aerosol size distribution suggests that the observed anti-correlation reflects preferential uptake of anion (sulfate and nitrate) by coarse dust. This chemical action may significantly reduce solubility of accumulation-mode particles and, consequently, CCN concentration.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 184-202).; Also available by subscription via World Wide Web; 202 leaves, bound 29 cm Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20818 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z Shinozuka, Yohei http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20817 Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2008.; Determination of natural and anthropogenic aerosol effects on past and future climate can only be achieved using global climate models (GCM's). Satellites allow global measurements of the present-day atmosphere, but require calibration/validation by observations in-situ. Ground- and ship-based observations are confined to the surface boundary layer which can be decoupled from overlying layers and the free troposphere. Here I use in-situ aircraft measurements from five NASA and NSF airborne field campaigns conducted over the North Pacific and North America between 2001 and 2006 to establish a reduced set of airmass types that are stratified vertically, by source region and according to processes governing their characteristics. For each airmass type the aerosol size distribution, mixing state, optical properties and chemical composition are summarized and discussed.; In this study I found, (i) parameterizations of background free troposphere aerosol overestimate extinction by ∼50%, minimizing the differences between pre-industrial versus contemporary radiative forcing, (i) meteorological model errors in water vapour mixing ratio can overwhelm the influence of composition-dependent aerosol hygroscopicity on radiating forcing, (iii) aerosol number in convective cloud outflow over North America in summer were reduced by 1/e after ∼2 days with no detectable increase in aerosol mass or decrease in SO2, illustrating the need to simulate both mass and number distributions in order to predict aerosol indirect effects, (iv) in April 2006 the deposition of Asian pollution and dust to the subtropical Eastern North Pacific could result in a 25% increase in surface ocean nitrogen and a 10-30% increase in iron, SeaWiFS/MODIS satellite retrievals indicate an 8-9% increase in chlorophyll in the same region two weeks after the event.; The effect of aerosols on climate is poorly understood compared to green house gases. Aerosols can scatter and/or absorb solar radiation (the "direct effect") and modify cloud properties (the "indirect effect"), affecting Earth's radiation balance and hydrological cycle. Aerosol lifetimes vary from minutes to weeks in the Earth's atmosphere, so they are heterogeneously distributed in both time and space. Over longer time scales, aerosols can influence climate through sulfur (e.g. CLAW Hypothesis) and iron (e.g. Iron Hypothesis) biogeochemical cycling.; Includes bibliographical references.; Also available by subscription via World Wide Web; 437 leaves, bound 29 cm Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20817 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z McNaughton, Cameron Stuart http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20816 Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2008.; This dissertation explores two recently recognized pathways of organic matter supply to marine sediments and their impact on sedimentary biogeochemistry: The entrapment and decomposition of particulate organic matter in permeable sediments and the resulting nutrient dynamics were investigated with a specially designed experimental laboratory microcosm that allows permeable sediment incubation under controlled physical forcing. Microcosm generated enhanced solute transport rates were roughly proportional to sediment column permeability. Comparison with field observations revealed that the enhanced transport rates induced by the experimental conditions were lower than those observed in the field, and this was also reflected in the enhanced buildup of pore water nutrients relative to concentrations in field sediments. Particulate organic matter and nutrient enrichment experiments, conducted with the microcosm, demonstrated the rapid uptake of both particles and solutes by the permeable sediment column under physical forcing, the rapid decomposition of the removed particles, and the lack of regenerated nutrient build-up. Nutrient enrichment experiments with sediment plug chambers demonstrated the rapid uptake and retention of nutrients by surface permeable sediments, as well as the loss of nitrogen though benthic denitrification in sediment grain microzones. The processing of large organic matter packages on the deepsea floor by deep-sea communities was investigated using natural and experimental whale, kelp and wood falls in the California Borderland Basins region, focusing on their quality and its impact on sedimentary organic enrichment and redox shifts. Labile organic material generated by the processing of whale falls and kelp falls generated substantial pore water sulfide levels in impacted sediment, despite a small organic enrichment signal. In contrast, wood derived material input did not result in sulfidic conditions, despite generating very high organic enrichment in impacted sediments, due to its refractory nature. A constructed model incorporating metazoan processing and dispersal of fragmented material revealed that whale fall processing is characterized by higher rates of tissue removal, organic carbon release, and carbon sedimentation rates than wood fall processing. However, organic carbon release rates, when normalized to fall weight, are similar between the two types of falls, due to differences in their carbon content and in absorption rates during metazoan ingestion.; Includes bibliographical references.; Also available by subscription via World Wide Web; 468 leaves, bound 29 cm Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20816 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z Hannides, Angelos K http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20815 Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2007.; Due to the mobility of marine vertebrates and their vast pelagic habitat, researchers have had to develop novel methods to determine the distribution, movements, and foraging behavior of top predators. The aim of this study was to apply bulk and compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) to examine the trophic dynamics and movements of tunas in the equatorial Pacific Ocean (eqPac). Yellowfin tuna collected around Hawaii displayed a rapid diet shift between 45--50 cm forklength. The trophic level (TL) was similar for the small (<45cm) and large (>50cm) size classes of yellowfin. Due to differences in the nitrogen source and biological transformations of this nitrogen, baseline delta15N values are lower in the surface mixed layer (SML) than below the thermocline. Thus, the rapid ontogenetic shift in tuna did not a reflect a TL shift, but rather, a shift in vertical foraging habitat. I hypothesized that small juveniles are physiologically confined to the SML and larger tuna forage over a greater vertical range. Throughout the eqPac, the TL of larger size classes of yellowfin was consistent (4.2+/-0.4). Establishing the TL of tuna in the eqPac provides a reference point to examine historical and future changes in tuna trophic dynamics.; delta15N and delta13C values of animals can be used as natural tags to trace their movements through ecosystems. This method to studying animal movements requires isotopic variation at the base of the food web. Baseline delta15N values show strong geographical patterns in the eqPac. If tuna migrated extensively within these isotope gradients, little isotopic variation would be observed in tuna because baseline delta 15N values would be integrated. delta15N values of yellowfin, bigeye, and skipjack tuna showed ca. 12‰ variation, but spatially coherent structure in the eqPac. CSIA results revealed that this delta 15N variation relates more to tuna movements than differences in their TL. Thus, the high isotopic variation observed in tuna reflects their restricted movements in the EqPac and differences between the species indicate different movement rates. In summary, this study established that isotope values of tunas are indicators of their foraging behavior, habitat utilization, and movements.; Includes bibliographical references.; Also available by subscription via World Wide Web; 255 leaves, bound 29 cm Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20815 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z Graham, Brittany Syra http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20814 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2008.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 49-55).; vii, 55 leaves, bound 29 cm Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20814 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z Yeh, John http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20813 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2008.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 127-129).; xi, 129 leaves, bound *ill. 29 cm Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20813 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z Susner, M. Grant http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20812 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2008.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 187-202).; xvii, 202 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20812 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z Solomon, Rachel F http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20811 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2008.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-47).; viii, 47 leaves, bound 29 cm Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20811 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z De Forest, Lisa Gayle http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20810 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2007.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 147-152).; viii, 152 leaves, bound 29 cm Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20810 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z Yang, Mingxi http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20809 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2007.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-70).; xii, 70 leaves, bound ill., maps 29 cm Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20809 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z Ostrander, Christopher http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20808 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2007.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-76).; x, 76 leaves, bound ill. (some col.), col. map 29 cm Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20808 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z Nakahara, Bryan A http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20807 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2007.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-92).; x, 92 leaves, bound ill. (some col.) 29 cm Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20807 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z Clemente, Tara M http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20806 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2007.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65-71).; xii, 71 leaves, bound ill. (some col.), maps 29 cm Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20806 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z Vetter, Oliver J http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20805 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2007.; Includes bibliographical references.; viii, 75 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20805 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z Boeing, Brian M http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20804 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-79).; x, 79 leaves, bound ill. (some col.) 29 cm Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20804 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z Rii, Yoshimi M http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20803 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 165-166).; xii, 166 leaves, bound col. ill., maps 29 cm Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20803 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z Uchikawa, Joji http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20802 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-81).; vi, 81 leaves, bound ill., map 29 cm Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20802 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z McAndrew, Patricia M http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20801 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 48-53).; viii, 53 leaves, bound ill. (some col.) 29 cm Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20801 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z Fong, Allison A http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20800 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 53-58).; vii, 58 leaves, bound col. ill. 29 cm Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20800 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z Brandon, Marina L http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20799 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 253-259).; xxxvi, 259 leaves, bound ill. (some col.) 29 cm Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20799 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z Decloedt, Thomas