http://hdl.handle.net/10125/2106 Mon, 20 May 2013 09:36:32 GMT 2013-05-20T09:36:32Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20731 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 140-151).; xii, 151 leaves, bound ill., maps 29 cm Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20731 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z Mahdi, Leena Emiko http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18152 Typescript. Bibliography: leaves 89-91. Mon, 01 Dec 1969 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18152 1969-12-01T00:00:00Z Peterson, William Thornton http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18151 The purpose of this study is to present the results of mineralogical and petrochemical analyses of the solid phase components and the inorganic chemistry of the interstitial waters of the Recent anoxic sediments of Kaneohe Bay, Oahu. Nineteen shallow 1-4 meter gravity cores of the lagoonal sediments of Kaneohe Bay were analyzed for pore water chemistry and seven were subjected to detailed mineralogical and petrochemical analyses. The pore waters of the sediment column show depletions in dissolved SO =4, Ca++, Mg++ and Sr++ accompanied by increases in titration alkalinity, NH4 + , PO 4 -3 and Si02 with respect to the overlying seawater with increasing subbottom depth. Na+, Cl-, K+ and Fetot exhibit minor departures from overlying bay waters assuming that depletions of Na+ and Cl- are the result of an influx of meteoric ground water from beneath the bay's floor. The bay may be divided into two parts on the basis of the rates of pore water diagenesis: in the southern part of the bay, S0 =4 is completely depleted within 80cm subbottom depth, whereas in the northern part, complete S0 =4 reduction does not occur at depths to 350cm. The southern sediments are contaminated by raw, high C/N sewage, resulting in an increased metabolic reduction rate of S0 =4 by anerobic bacteria over that observed in the unpolluted northern bay. Calculation of S0 =4 consumed versus alkalinity plus NH=4 produced indicates a relationship in which roughly one-half of the "produced alkalinity" has been consumed in the formation of authigenic minerals, primarily nontronite and aragonite. Quantitative mineralogical and petrochemical analyses of the solid phase components reveal the loss of amorphous iron-oxyhydroxides, biogenic opaline silica, and amorphous aluminosilicate with increasing subbottom depth. Pyrite formation occurs immediately below the sedimentwater interface. Scanning Electron Microscope observations show a hierarchy of morphologies with depth: single l-micron crystals to 30- micron diameter framboids. Pyrite formation accounts for the lack of detectable S= within the pore waters and is dependent on the availability of pore water iron derived from the dissolution of amorphous iron-oxyhydroxides. The amount of pyrite present below 40cm subbottom depth exceeds the amount which could be formed by the complete reduction of buried pore water S0=4 suggesting the importance of bioturbation in the mixing of pore and overlying seawaters. Authigenic nontronite and mixed-layer smectite-illite are being formed as the result of the reaction of amorphous aluminosilicate with pore water Si02 from opal dissolution and pore water Fe and/or other cations. In those cores where sufficent dissolved iron exists in the pore water, nontronite forms, whereas when dissolved iron is not present as evidenced by the presence of dissolved S= in the pore water, a mixed-layer smectite-illite is formed. The amount of smectite formed is limited by the amount of opal which dissolves. For Kaneohe Bay sediments an average of 0.12 weight percent authigenic smectite is added annually to the sediment column. Minor amounts of authigenic plagioclase, phillipsite, clinoptilolite, analcime, sepiolite, siderite and apatite are also being formed within the sediments. The relationship between reduced pore water Fe and smectite formation suggests that reverse weathering reactions resulting in either authigenic nontronite or mixed-layer smectite-illite may occur in all anoxic marine sediments rich in terrigeneously-derived, poorly-crystalline "kaolinite" and containing enriched pore water Si02. Assuming that 10 percent of the total flux of the world river sediments delivered to the ocean is deposited in Kaneohe Bay-type environments and that rates of reaction are similar to those observed in Kaneohe Bay, then approximately 6 percent of the CO2 consumed by rock weathering may be returned annually to the atmosphere by these reactions. Bibliography: leaves 258-281. Wed, 01 Feb 1978 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18151 1978-02-01T00:00:00Z Ristvet, Byron Leo http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18150 Twenty-seven species of known or suspected coral skeletal borers were identified from shallow Hawaiian reefs. In comnarison to inventories of the borer communities collected from other tropical areas Hawaiian corals had an abundance of polychaetous annelids, fewer species of sipunculans,and acrothoracican barnacles, and far fewer boring sponges. Polychaetes were responsible for the majority of the bioerosion of dead coral in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu. Comparisons of living and dead sections of coral colonies indicated that the borer community was more diverse and abundant in areas of the skeletons lacking living tissue. Skeletal densities of three common coral species with branching growth form were found to influence the abundance of coral borers. The least dense skeletons had greater population densities of borers. It is suggested that these three species of corals can coexist in close proximity due, in part, to the development of varying abilities to withstand invasion by skeletal borers. In order to determine rates, si te preference and seasona.li.ty of settlement a series of settlement plates were cut from coral and placed in the field at ten sites in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu. Extrapolating from the surface area of the settlement plates, mean recruitment rates of coral borers were found to be 10,000 - 50,000 individuals m-2 month-1. The recruitment rates and species composition of epibiotic and borer faunas settling; on the dead coral plates differed dramatically between areas in Kaneohe Bay due to the effects of differences in physical and biological factors caused by sewage and slltation. The larvae of coral borers generally lacked clear seasonal settlement periods, suggesting that one or more mechanisms (e.g. continuous reproduction, long pelagic phase, etc.) functioned to assure the presence of larvae throughout the year. The ultimate cause for the development of such a strategy may be that the time and location of the production of suitable settlement sites on the reef surface is. unpredictable. Some of the larvae of both epibiotic and borer species exhibited settlement selectivity with respect to the position of the settlement surface. This finding indicates that the distribution of borers in coral skeletons might be due, in part, to active selection by the laryae for particular conditions. Development of the epibiotic and borer communities of dead coral was monitored using sequentially collected blocks cut from the coral Porites lobata. The abundance and species composition of these communities were found to differ between sites in Kaneohe Bay because of several biological and physical factors. In the south bay increased food supplies (in the form of plankton and plankton-derived detrital material). due to sewage enrichment, support extensive populations of filter and deposit-feeding invertebrates including coral borers. Sewage diversion did not appear to have had any dramatic effect on these communities by the end of the study period. In the north bay, where food availability is lower, fewer borers and epibiotic organisms were collected. The effects of fish grazing are considered to be another important factor determining the species composition and abundance of the coral borer community. Grazing fish were rare in south Kaneohe Bay during the study period, which may help to explain the abundance of sessile epifaunal species. In the north bay fish grazing is extensive and contributes to the growth of encrusting coralline algae on the test blocks and the benthos. Based on the results of the long term block study it was found that in Hawaii sessile filter-feeding invertebrates do not exclude coral borers from the substratum or inhibit their growth. In south Kaneohe Bay, where conditions caused increased abundances and growth rates of filter and depositfeeding invertebrates, bioerosion rates were accelerated. Encrusting coralline algae, which flourish on reefs exposed to fish grazing (eg. north Kaneohe Bay), inhibit settlement of borers and grow over burrow apertures, thus reducing the population of borers within the dead coral. Bioerosion rates of exposed, coralline algal covered, dead coral substrata are very low on pristine shallow Hawaiian reefs. Bibliography: leaves 181-192. Mon, 01 Dec 1980 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18150 1980-12-01T00:00:00Z White, Janet K. F. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18149 Nine series of vertically-stratified zooplankton tows were made with a closing net at a single station in southern Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, between 31 August 1973 and 11 April 1974. Sampling periods occupied from 12 to 26 hours, with tows usually taken at about 3 m intervals between the surface and a maximum depth of 10 m. A total of 21,254 fish larvae of 49 kinds was collected. Six species were abundant: Foa brachygrammus, Omobranchus elongatus, Callionymus decoratus, Caranx mate, Stolephorus purpureus, and Abudefduf abdominalis. Blennius sp. and Gnathanodon speciosus were commonly taken in small numbers. These common larvae displayed five "distribution patterns: 1. F. brachygrammus and the smallest S. purpureus were most abundant near the surface at night and at depths below 4 m during the day; 2. C. mate and G. speciosus were dispersed throughout the water column at night and usually most abundant between 5 m and 6 m depth during the day; 3. Blennius sp., o. elongatus, and A. abdominalis were dispersed throughout the water column at night and concentrated near the surface during the day; 4. the larger ~. purpureus maintained a level of maximum abundance below 6 m day and night; 5. C. decoratus was taken at all depths at all times. Patterns 1, 2, and 3 are shown to be light-related. Pattern 4 is shown to be partially attributable to avoidance of the towed net by S. purpureus larvae larger than about 6mm, and a feeding-related migration is proposed to account for pattern 5. The observed patterns are analogous to those shown for fish larvae in the open ocean on scales of from 50 m to 200 m. It is proposed that Kaneohe Bay represents a vertically compressed ocean with respect to the vertical distribution of fish larvae. Typescript. Bibliography: leaves 130-134. Sun, 01 Dec 1974 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18149 1974-12-01T00:00:00Z Watson, William http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18148 Primary production at a single station in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii was studied over a six-month period. Vertical profiles of production, plant biomass, light, and temperature were obtained and the data applied to a production model. The diel changes in surface production were measured and used to estimate daily production. Primary production per unit surface area was found to average 1.5 grams carbon per square meter per day and was higher on days with little vertical stratification and with lower incident radiation. Light appeared to limit production below .12 langleys per minute which occurred below about five meters depth. Typescript. Bibliography: leaves 39-41. Sat, 01 Jun 1974 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18148 1974-06-01T00:00:00Z Lamberson, Phillip B. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18147 Grazing rates of several abundant zooplankters in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii were measured at different concentrations of natural phytoplankton. The concentration by volume of suspended particles, as determined with an electronic particle counter, was used as the estimate of food concentration. The relationship between grazing rate per animal and concentration of particulate food conformed closely to a hyperbolic model widely used to describe an organism's rate of uptake of food or other needed substrate as a function of the concentration of the substrate. Maximum observed grazing rates in the eutrophic south sector of the bay are near the maximum rates predicted by the model. The concentrations of particles in other areas of Kaneohe Bay do not appear to be high enough to permit grazing rates to approach their maximum levels. There appears to be no preference by the grazers for particles of a size other than the size most abundant in the environment. Typescript. Bibliography: leaves 23-26. Mon, 01 May 1972 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18147 1972-05-01T00:00:00Z Szyper, James Peter http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18146 The effects of Dursban®, a chlorpyrifos-based pesticide, on reef-building corals was investigated. Short-term (96 hours) static bioassays with renewal of toxicant every 24 hours were conducted with Pocillopora damicomis colonies. Two sets of experiments were conducted. The first examined the toxicity of the commercial pesticide mixture made up of filtered seawater (0.45 µm) and the manufacturer's recommended dose for the treatment of lawns and gardens (0.91 mI/l). The second determined the toxicity of effluent seawater obtained from a soil column 24 hours after it was treated with Dursban® mixture (0.91 mi/l) at the manufacturer's recommended level of coverage (1.53 ml/12.6 cm2). In both experiments, coral branches were exposed to logarithmic dilutions of the toxicant mixture for up to four days. The 96 hour median lethal concentration (96 h LC50) for the pesticide mixture was found to be 1.2 x 10-7% of the original solution while the soil effluent mixture had a 96 hour LC50 of 7.0 x 10-8% of the effluent solution. Gas chromatographic analysis of the pesticide stock solution showed that the chlorpyrifos levels remained relatively stable for the duration of the experiment. Pesticide levels were monitored in the experimental test water at each dilution level prior to exposure of corals to determine actual pesticide concentration although several of the lower dilutions yielded concentrations below the analytical detection limit of 2 µg/l. Data gathered from the bioassay tests revealed high sensitivity of the coral Pocillopora damicomis to the two toxicant preparations. The soil effluent water was appreciably more toxic to the coral than the straight pesticide mixture. This was thought to reflect formation of more toxic breakdown products derived from chlorpyrifos after application to the soil column. Other factors, like the interactive effects between the chemical binders and dispersants within the commercial formulation and the soil may have contributed to the increase in toxicity of the soil effluent solution. Effluent water from pesticide-treated areas may be more toxic to corals than previously suspected. Tue, 01 Dec 1992 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18146 1992-12-01T00:00:00Z Te, Franklyn Tan http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18145 Wed, 01 Dec 1971 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18145 1971-12-01T00:00:00Z Davis, Karen K. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18144 This dissertation examines two issues related to the ecological and evolutionary consequences of sexual and asexual reproduction in colonial marine invertebrates. The first two chapters explore the extent to which the planktonic larval phase limits the distribution and abundance of a colonial ascidian, Oiplosoma similis. The third chapter examines some of the fitness consequences of alterations in the pattern of asexual reproduction by colony fragmention in similis. All research was carried out on the fringing coral reef surrounding Coconut Island which is located in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. Typescript. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1989. Includes bibliographical references. Mon, 01 May 1989 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18144 1989-05-01T00:00:00Z Stoner, Douglas Steven http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18143 Typescript. Bibliography: leaves [121]-125. Sun, 01 Aug 1971 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18143 1971-08-01T00:00:00Z Preston, Eric M http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18142 The reef corals Pocillopora damicornis and Montipora verrucosa were cultured under various controlled temperatures and light conditions at Ulupau Head Microcosm facility. The skeletal carbonate deposited under different experimental regimes was analyzed for 13C and 18O. Coral skeletal 013C values varied with light dose and correlated with changes in zooxanthellar pigment. The o13C value of skeletal aragonite seems to be controlled by oxidation of photosynthetically produced organic matter. Functionally significant relationships between coral skeletal o18O values and temperature have been determined. The temperature coefficients of the o18O values (-4.20) are the same as the first order coefficient in the equilibrium paleotemperature equation, but the o18O values have species-specific offsets from equilibrium. These offsets may be attributed to the activity of the coral's zooxanthellae. Based upon the results of this study a model of coral skeletal isotopic incorporation is presented. Typescript. Thesis (M. S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1979. Bibliography: leaves 94-102. Tue, 01 May 1979 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18142 1979-05-01T00:00:00Z Weil, Sandra M. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18141 Analysis of the pattern of zonation of reef corals off the Kona coast of Hawaii revealed the existence of four clearly defined zones. This pattern was confirmed at three sites where corals were counted using a series of 45 meter long transects running parallel to shore from depths of 3 to 40 meters. Clustering analysis dendrographs, spatial changes in illumination and rates of water movement, as well as growth and survival of coral transplants also confirmed the zonation pattern. Each of the four zones is characterized by a dominant coral species, substratum type, depth, and range of physical conditions. Each zone also appears to be in a different stage of community succession due to the frequency of large scale environmental disturbances from winter storm waves. The shallowest zone begins at the base of the shoreline cliff, ranges in depth from 2.5 to 8 meters, and has a bottom cover consisting mainly of irregularly shaped basaltic boulders; Pocillopora meandrina dominates coral cover in this zone. This species appears to be the first to colonize new substrata and persists in large numbers only in the near-shore boulder zone where mechanical stress from wave action is great enough to restrict the growth forms of more competitive species. Due to this high wave stress, the P. meandrina bolder zone appears to be in an early successional stage with low coral cover and dominance and relatively hiqh species diversity. Moving into deeper water the Porites lobata reef building zone ranges in depth from 6 to 14 meters and is characterized by a gently sloping solid basalt and limestone bottom. Porites lobata dominates coral cover by growing in massive lobed and encrusting colonies. While succession seems to be in an advanced stage, monopolization of available space does not appear to be complete enough to exclude a variety of less competitive species, resulting in relatively high species diversities. The third zone occurs on the reef slope and ranges in depth from 14 to 30 meters. Solid substrata is scarce and succession may be a late stage due to domination of bottom cover by thickets of Porites compressa. Most of the other species that persist in this zone avoid competitive interactions by growing above the level of P. compressa. Storm wave stress is most devastating to corals in this zone, and breakage of living colonies seems to increase diversity by reducing P. compressa dominance. Transport of living coral fragments appears to extend zonal boundaries and create new colonies. Extensive "rubble channels" occur in this zone, and these channels may get progressively larger due to churning of rubble fragments with each successive storm. The Porites lobata rubble zone occurs below the deep border of the P. compressa thickets and extends to approximately 50 meters, the depth at which coraIs cease to appear. Substrata consists mostly of fine sand and a variety of small encrusting corals are found growing on scattered rubble fragments. Specialized species with narrow physiological tolerances limited to this zone also increase species diversity. While maximum size of corals may be reduced in this zone due to low light intensity, lack of solid substrata probably determines the lower depth limit of coral occurance. Sand and rubble that is carried downslope during storms cause this zone to be physically unstable and succession appears to be constantly interrupted at early stages. This is in contrast to other deep reef areas, such as off Maui and the Red Sea, where substrata is solid to the depth limit of coral growth. These communities appear to be highly stable and diverse, and in late or climax stages. The depauperate nature of Hawaiian coral fauna is probably due to fairly rigorous environmental conditions in combination with difficulties in larval transport from coral evolutionary centers in the western Pacific. However, reef areas off Kona are relatively rich for Hawaii due to complete protection from tradewind generated seas, partial protection from long period north swells, and the steep nearshore slopes that extend below wavebase. Typescript. Bibliography: leaves 173-181. Thu, 01 May 1975 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18141 1975-05-01T00:00:00Z Dollar, Stephen J. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18140 The present study, planned as a quantitative investigation of the phytoplankton of Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, over a period of one year, was undertaken to supplement present knowledge of seasonal, distributional, floristic, and ecological features of the phytoplankton in Kaneohe Bay. The objectives of this study were: 1. To identify and enumerate phytoplankton collected at selected stations at re~ular intervals over a period of one year 2. To attempt to determine the factors that control variations in the qualitative and quantitative makeup of the phytoplankton 3. To relate the quantitative data obtained in this study with other ecological data obtained by other investigators in a concurrent study. Typescript. Thesis (M. S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1972. Bibliography: leaves [106]-109. Mon, 01 May 1972 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18140 1972-05-01T00:00:00Z Murphy, Carol Menge http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18139 A quantitative study of the decapod crustacean community commensal with the coral Pocillopora meandrina var. nobilis Verrill was undertaken and was accomplished through an analysis of communities collected in coral heads in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu. The coral head microhabitat was described and analyzed. The community was described and its relationship to the coral head habitat defined. It was found that community composition was affected by coral head size and that relative composition of the communities changed as the coral heads increased in size. Through stomach contents analysis and trophic behavior experiments the commensals were found to utilize the coral as a source of food, primarily by feeding on material caught on the coral. A correlation between the total biomass of the crustacean community and the surface area of the coral heads in which they were collected was found, suggesting that the com- munity is limited by the amount of surface area of a coralhead This may reflect the amount of food available to the symbionts. There was no good correlation between surface area of the corals and the biomass of the individual components of the community, indicating that other factors, such as the behavioral peculiarity of pairing and interspecific competition probably determine the exact composition of the community that a coral head can support. It was concluded that the crustaceans studied were true commensals with the coral, and that the commensal association involves the host providing a source of food as well as protection for the symbionts. Typescript. Bibliography: leaves 62-64. Tue, 01 Jun 1965 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/18139 1965-06-01T00:00:00Z Barry, Charles Kevin http://hdl.handle.net/10125/13733 Typescript. Bibliography: leaves [123]-130 Mon, 01 Jun 1953 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/13733 1953-06-01T00:00:00Z Pritchard, Austin http://hdl.handle.net/10125/7042 Green turtle fibropapilloma (GTFP) is a debilitating and frequently fatal disease of green sea turtles. The etiological agent that causes this disease is unknown, however, recent evidence suggests that a novel green turtle herpesvirus (GTHV) is closely associated with GTFP. Because this virus has not been isolated or propagated in vitro cell culture to date, it is necessary to obtain more genomic information of GTHV in order to establish its pathogenic role in relation to GTFP. Using a modified genomic walking technique, based on inverse polymerase chain reaction (IPCR), a total of 9,032 base pair DNA sequences of the newfound GTHV was sequenced from tumor tissues of green turtles with fibropapillomas. This newly identified DNA fragment contains three potential pathogenic genes from the unique long (UL) region of GTHV: UL29 (DNA binding protein gene), UL28 (assembly protein gene) and UL27 (glycoprotein B gene). The UL29 gene was sequenced through 4 consecutive genomic walks in which a total viral fragment of 4,054 bp of sequence data was obtained. This viral DNA fragment contains the entire open reading frame of the UL29 gene (ORF), which is oriented in the 3' to 5' direction, and encodes the full-length genomic sequence of the DNA binding protein (DBP) gene (3,585 bp) corresponding to a protein of 1,195 amino acid residues. The viral fragment also encodes a partial sequence of the UL28 gene, which is oriented in the 3' to 5' direction as well. Through 2 subsequent genomic walks, the remainder of the UL28 was sequenced in its entirety, as well as a partial ORF of the UL27 gene. The UL28 gene has an ORF of 2,250 bp with a putative amino acid translation of 750 amino acids. Through 1 subsequent genomic walk the entire ORF of the UL27 gene was sequenced. This ORF is 2,551 bp long and overlaps the UL28 genome by 1 bp. The UL27 gene is oriented in the 3' to 5' direction and encodes the putative glycoprotein B (gB) transmembrane peptide, which is 851 amino acids in length. Phylogenetic analysis of GTHV DBP, UL28, and gB genes substantiated that this novel Chelonian herpesvirus is closely related to the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily. Examination of the translated amino acid sequence further supports this categorization since GTHV DBP comprises a highly conserved zinc finger motif (CXLCX4RX2C) and a putative DNA binding domain, and exhibits high sequence homology to other alphaherpesviruses. The gB peptide also showed high homology to alphaherpesviruses in the extraviral, transmembrane and Cterminal tail regions of the peptide. Cloning and sequencing the genome of this putative herpesvirus will facilitate current understanding of its role in causing GTFP and the development of molecular- and immuno-based methods for the diagnosis and prevention of this devastating disease of green sea turtles. ix, 85 leaves Mon, 01 Dec 2003 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/7042 2003-12-01T00:00:00Z Nigro, Olivia De Santis