http://hdl.handle.net/10125/2067 Fri, 24 May 2013 05:37:39 GMT 2013-05-24T05:37:39Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/22265 The islands of Hawaii face increasing ground-water demands due to population growth in the last decades. Analytical and numerical models are essential tools for managing sustainable ground-water resources. The models require estimates of hydraulic properties, such as hydraulic conductivity and storage parameters. Four methods were evaluated to estimate hydraulic properties for basalts on the island of Maui. First, unconventional step-drawdown tests were evaluated. The results compare favorably with those from classical aquifer tests with a correlation of 0.81. Hydraulic conductivity is log-normally distributed and ranges from 1 to 2,500 m/d with a geometric mean of 276 m/d and a median of 370 m/d. The second approach developed a simplified parameter-estimation scheme through an empirical relationship between specific capacity and hydraulic parameters that utilized Hawaii's state well database. For Maui's basalts, the analysis yields a geometric-mean and median hydraulic conductivity of 423 and 493 m/d, respectively. Results from aquifer tests and specific-capacity relationships were used to generate island-wide hydraulic-conductivity maps using kriging. The maps are expected to be of great benefit in absence of site-specific field assessments. In the third approach, ocean-tide responses in the central Maui aquifer were used to estimate an effective hydraulic diffusivity of 2.3 x 10^7 m^2/d. The position of the study area necessitated refining the existing analytical solution that considers asynchronous and asymmetric tidal influence from two sides in an aquifer. Finally, measured ground-water responses to wave setup were used to estimate hydraulic parameters. Setup responses were significant as far as 5 km inland and dominated barometric-pressure effects during times of energetic swell events. The effective diffusivity estimated from setup was 2.3 x 10^7 m^2/d, matching that based on tides. Additionally, simple numerical ground-water flow models were developed to assess the accuracy of results from analytical solutions for step-drawdown tests, dual-tides and wave setup, and to evaluate sediment-damping effects on tidal propagation. The estimated mean hydraulic conductivities of the four methods range between 300 and 500 m/d for basalts in Maui. The results of different methods are consistent among each other and match previous estimates for basalts. Sat, 01 Dec 2007 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/22265 2007-12-01T00:00:00Z Rotzoll, Kolja http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21929 Groundwater contamination caused by agricultural fertilization is a widely recognized problem. In Hawaii, nitrogen fertilization from pineapple and sugarcane fields has posed a threat to several basal aquifers and has been implicated in coastal algae blooms. The concentration of nitrate-N in the Pearl Harbor basin on the island of Oahu was below 2.3 mg/L in the 1950’s and 1960’s, and has increased to as much as 7.6 mg/L in 1992 to 1994. The objective of this dissertation research is to develop a practical methodology for realistically estimating nitrate leaching from fertilized agricultural lands. Numerous mechanisms have impact on the distribution and migration of nitrate in the soil. Nitrogen fertilizer undergoes many N transformations and interactions with the soil and the plant after applications. In this study, an analysis of soil samples was performed to understand the leaching process of nitrate in the root zone of three different cropped fields in Hawaii. A detailed discussion is given to address various factors which control the nitrate transport process. To judge the sampling plan in relation to spatial variation, the field measurements were evaluated statistically by an uncertainty index, which is represented as the density of samples required for the estimate of sample mean of the nitrate concentration to fall within a defined limit of accuracy. In order to predict the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the groundwater contamination with very limited input data, a simple, analytical, lumped parameter model (LPM), was developed. The model can estimate the average nitrate leaching from the root zone in response to agricultural practices, N transformations and other related processes. The model was tested against the field data and two detailed numerical models, LEACHM-N and CERES-Maize. It provides an alternative way to assess nitrate leaching from the root zone with acceptable accuracy. A listing of the program is provided in Appendix 2. Owing to the complex nature of nitrogen behavior in the unsaturated zone, some degree of uncertainty is involved in the development of modeling approaches. In this study, five major sources of uncertainty were identified. These are: uncertainty due to spatial variation, uncertainty related to the accuracy of the input data, uncertainty due to simplifications in the development of the models, uncertainty due to the modeling parameters, and uncertainty due to the complexity of the unsaturated zone in Hawaii. The impact of these uncertainties on simulation results is evaluated. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1996.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 202-215).; UHM: Has both book and microform. Sun, 01 Dec 1996 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21929 1996-12-01T00:00:00Z Ling, Ge http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21926 The construction of high-rise buildings and other engineering structures in the downtown Honolulu area requires detailed site investigations prior to design and construction. This includes soil borings, environmental assessments, and groundwater measurements. As a result, much data on the subsurface geology of downtown Honolulu exists, but it is spread among individual consulting firms and various government agencies. The purpose of this study is to compile the existing data and interpret the subsurface geology, engineering geology, hydrogeology, and environmental problems within the study area. This study commenced with collecting and interpreting 2,276 soil boring logs from consulting firms in Honolulu, along with the Groundwater Index database and evironmental databases from the State of Hawaii. The subsurface materials are classified into nine categories: fill, lagoonal (low-energy) deposits, alluvial deposits, coralline debris, coral ledges, cinders, tuff, basalt, and residual soil or weathered volcanics. The study area is divided into 157 quadrangles (1000' X 1000'). The subsurface conditions within each quad are described in detail, and nine cross-sections are presented for further clarification of the subsurface geology. Foundation bearing layers and buried alluvial channels are mapped. Environmental problems and groundwater data are summarized in the form of tables and maps. The coral ledges, tuff, and basalt are the most suitable foundation bearing layers within the caprock, The coral ledges, coralline debris, coarse-grained lagoonal sediments, and cinder sands are characterized by higher hydraulic conductivites than the other materials that comprise the caprock. However, the caprock as a whole is characterized by much lower hydraulic conductivites than the underlying Koolau basalt that is the main aquifer for the island. The caprock groundwater is brackish, non-potable, and highly vulnerable to cantamination. Petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals from leaking underground storage tanks are the primary soil and groundwater contaminants. Caprock groundwater is generally found within ±5 feet of sea level. Dewatering is often necessary at sites involving the construction of basements. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1996.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 304-311).; UHM: Has both book and microform. Wed, 01 May 1996 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21926 1996-05-01T00:00:00Z Finstick, Sure Ann http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21688 http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21688 Kennedy, Kevin http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21687 Exploration for geothermal resources in Hawaii has required adaptation of conventional exploration techniques as well as the implementation of relatively new techniques because of the complexities introduced by the oceanic island environment ill; maps Tue, 13 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21687 2011-12-13T00:00:00Z Cox, Malcom E http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21686 Twenty-one Schlumberger resistivity soundings were performed on the island of Maui. Analysis consisted of one-dimensional modeling using an automatic ridge-regression inversion algorithm (Anderson, 1979). The inversion results were compared with available well-log information and geologic maps in order to make geologic interpretations. The soundings were conducted primarily to estimate the depth to and the electrical resistivity of, seawater-saturated basalt for different parts of the island. The resistivity of seawater-saturated basalt on Maui ranges between 3.5 and 60 ohm-meters. The lowest values occurred near Ukumehame canyon, on the south rift zone of West Maui. In this area, which is the site of a warm water (33°C) well, the computed resistivity for seawater-saturated basalt is about 4 ohm-m. Using typical Hawaiian basalt porosity values of 15% to 25%, Archie's Law implies temperatures of between 62° and l7loC at depths below 200 meters in the Ukumehame area. Freshwater piezometric heads were estimated from the sounding data. The largest freshwater head (91 m) was obtained in Keanae valley. The inferred large volume of freshwater is perched on Keanae alluvial valley fill and is observed in a well (W100) towards the back of the valley. All other freshwater heads are under 4 m, indicating that the freshwater lens is rather thin near the coast at the areas surveyed. ill; maps Tue, 13 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21686 2011-12-13T00:00:00Z Mattice, Mark D http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21685 Using the controlled-source electromagnetic technique, resistivity soundings were obtained at 49 •locations around the summit caldera and upper rift zones of Kilauea volcano. Each sounding consisted of vector measurements of the magnetic field induced by a large-moment horizontal loop current source at discrete frequencies between 0.04 and 8 Hz. The source-to-sensor distances ranged from 2.5 to 13 km. The data have been computer-inverted to produce a best-fitting horizontally layered earth model. Although each sounding's interpretation is different in detail, the volcano’s structure appears simple and can be represented by four, subhorizontal layers. The surface layer is highly resistive and coincid.es with. the dry, basaltic overburden. At a depth of 500 to 1000 m, resistivities decrease abruptly to between 30 and 50 ohm-m, marking the top of the water-saturated zone. The third layer occurs between 2 and 3 km depth and has a resistivity of less than 10 ohm-m and a total conductance of about 200 mhos. This layer is underlain everywhere by highly resistive rock to a depth of at least 6 km, the estimated limit of penetration by this study. Pockets of low resistivity (less than 20 ohm--m) occur irregularly within the high-resistivity basement. Because of its widespread occurrence, 'the shallower conductive layer (layer 3) is probably water-saturated rock at high, temperature; however, the possibility of thin, intruded sills of magma contributing to the low resistivities cannot be refuted, The pockets of low resistivity within layer 4 occur at a depth of 5 km and are believed to be magma chamber 2 to 3 km deeper than models derived from earthquake hypocenter location and surface deformation studies. ill Tue, 13 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21685 2011-12-13T00:00:00Z Kauahikaua, James P http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21684 Seventeen electromagnetic transient soundings were done on the lower east flank of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. Each sounding is based on the response or the earth as a function of time to a step function of current in a horizontal linear source. Interpretation of these response measurements is usually done by matching the data to standard model curves or asymptotic expressions; however, these methods presuppose that each datum has been measured with a relative precision (e.g. a precision of 5%) whereas, sounding, each datum is commonly measured with an absolute precision (e.g. a precision of 10µv). Therefore, a general inversion technique based on linear comparisons between the data and model values was used for the interpretations of the data in this study. The resulting geoelectric model shows that the structure is uniform vertically to a depth of 1000 m below sea level. There are broad, but distinct, lateral variations in the interpreted conductivity values ranging from 0.10 to 0.16 -mho/m in most of east Puna to anomalous values of 0.30 to 0.50 mho/m in a particular area south of the rift at Puu Honuaula (see Figure 7). Based on these conductivity estimates, groundwater temperatures in the anomalous area are not expected to exceed 1500 C to depths of 1000 m below sea level. ill; maps Tue, 13 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21684 2011-12-13T00:00:00Z Kauahikaua, James http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20627 Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2008.; In this work, thermal infrared (TIR) spectroscopy is used to refine and advance our understanding of the mineralogic composition of the Martian surface. The distinctiveness of glasses and phyllosilicates in TIR spectra is quantified using discriminant analysis and linear least squares modeling of numerical mixtures. Uncertainties in the modeled abundances of glasses and phyllosilicates are +/-15% when the glass components in the mixture are included in the model, whereas uncertainties rise to +/-65% when glass components are arbitrarily excluded from the model. When these uncertainties are applied to glass and phyllosilicate abundances on Mars derived from Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) data we find that glass is a likely component of the Martian surface. Spectral indexing and linear least squares modeling are used to compare laboratory-measured TIR emission spectra of Fo91, Fo68, Fo53, Fo39, Fo18, and Fo1 olivine samples to TES data and map the global distribution, composition, and abundance of olivine on Mars. Fo91 spectral shapes are identified in the rims of the Hellas and Argyre impact basins. The Fo68 and Fo 53 olivine spectral shapes are common in the southern highlands, chasmata, outflow channels, and are the most common compositions in the Nili Fossae region. The presence of the Fo39 olivine composition suggests that olivine on Mars is more iron-rich than olivine in most Martian meteorites. The mineralogy, thermophysical properties, stratigraphy, and visual character of four locales in Terra Tyrrhena identified by different compositions of olivine (Fo91, Fo68, Fo53, and Fo39 ) are investigated. Fo91-enriched materials occur as thin Noachian lava flows, perhaps associated with the Hellas impact basin. Fo 68-enriched materials are present throughout Terra Tyrrhena, and in some places have interacted with liquid water at the end of the Noachian epoch; the presence of olivine constrains the total duration of aqueous activity during this period to <∼20,000 years. Fo53 and Fo39 -enriched materials are interpreted as Hesperian-aged lavas that erupted after the end of the Noachian aqueous activity. The settings of olivine-enriched materials suggest that surface materials in Terra Tyrrhena may have been more enriched in olivine before aqueous activity associated with the end of the Noachian epoch.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 175-190).; Also available by subscription via World Wide Web; 190 leaves, bound 29 cm Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20627 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z Koeppen, William Carl http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20626 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2008.; 85 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20626 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z Rotella, Melissa D http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20625 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2008.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 208-234).; xiv, 234 leaves, bound ill. (some col.) 29 cm Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20625 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z Stopar, Julie D http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20624 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2007.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 66-78).; x, 78 leaves, bound ill. (some col.), map 29 cm Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20624 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z Studer, Melody A http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20623 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2007.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-96).; ix, 96 leaves, bound col. ill., col. maps 29 cm Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20623 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z Diurba, Erin S http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20622 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-83).; ix, 83 leaves, bound ill., map 29 cm Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20622 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z Chapp, Emily http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20621 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 44-45).; vi, 45 leaves, bound ill. (some col.) 29 cm Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20621 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z Carlisle, Orion http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20620 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves xxxiii-xxxviii).; lv leaves, bound ill. 29 cm Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20620 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z Schneider, Romy D http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20619 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-107).; ix, 107 leaves, bound ill. (some col.), col. map 29 cm Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20619 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z Gandy, Christian Erick http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20618 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-71).; ix, 71 leaves, bound ill., map 29 cm Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20618 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z Delorey, Andrew A http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20617 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-98).; viii, 98 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20617 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z Chandler, Michael T http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20616 Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2008.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 55-56).; vii, 56 leaves, bound 29 cm Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20616 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z Romine, Bradley M