http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1678 http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/retrieve/6226 http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1678 Search the Channel search http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/simple-search http://hdl.handle.net/10125/8777 Title: WRRCSR No.09:24:92 Granular Activated Carbon Treatment of Mililani Well Water: Phase II Study to Extend Effective Life of GAC, Six-Month Progress Report<br/><br/>Author(s): Dugan, Gordon L; Fujioka, Roger S; Lau, L Stephen; Takei, Gerald H; Gee, Henry K; McParland, Terra L<br/><br/>Abstract: The aerated Mililani well water, which removed about 40% of TCP, and spiked deionized water, intended to reduce the level of natural background organics, both appeared to increase the volume of water passing through the minicolumns before breakthrough by nearly 40%. Likewise the carbon usage rates for the spiked deionized water and aerated Mililani well water decreased in comparison to untreated Mililaniwell water, except for the March 1992 minicolumn experiment, which was nearly the same. More minicolumn tests will need to be performed to ascertain if the March 1992 minicolumn results were reasonable or, possibly an anomaly. The minimum minicolumn carbon usage values of approximately0.022 lb/1000 gal did not simulate field operation values which ranged from 0.135 to 0.150 lb/1000 gal; however a close correlation would not be expected. In addition, the aerated Mililani well water samples did not increase the weight of TCP and DBCP that was able to be adsorbed by the pulverized GAC. Thus, it seems apparent that background material (presumably organic or primarily organic material) may beutilizing adsorption sites. No apparent relationship existed for TC or NPOC removal before and after breakthrough. Further minicolumn experiments will be continued to substantiate the minicolumn experimental data collected to date. Thu, 01 Oct 1992 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/8776 Title: WRRCSR No.09:00.88 Wastewater Reuse By Irrigation in Hawai'i: May 1989 Update<br/><br/>Author(s): Murabayashi, Edwin T<br/><br/>Abstract: A statewide survey was conducted to detennine the nature and extent of wastewater reuse by irrigation in 1989. An average of 13.985 mgd (million gallons/day) of wastewater is applied to 2115+ acres. Acreages are difficult to ascertain because with sugarcane much of the wastewater is highly diluted with other waters and distributed broadly to indeterminableacreages. The 1989 data were compared with an earlier survey conducted in 1977. Currentreuse is approximately double the 7.18 mgd recorded in 1977. The two primary reuses statewide are for sugarcane and golf course irrigation, utilizing 7.382 and 6.288 mgd respectively. Since 3.5 mgd of the effluent applied to sugarcane is utilized irregularly, it is difficult to suggest any trends. Reuse on golf courses, on the otherhand, has tripled from the 2.06 mgd in the earlier survey. This increase is attributable to gains on all islands but particularly on Maui. In the state, there are 24 treatment plant/reuse facilities of which twenty use domestic wastewater and four utilize farm animal wastes. On an island basis, Maui and O'ahu have the highest wastewater reuse, with 6.185 mgdand 5.072 mgd respectively, followed by Kaua'i (2.09 mgd), Hawai'i (0.528 mgd), andMoloka'i (0.11 mgd). Mon, 01 May 1989 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/8775 Title: WRRCSR No.8:22:90 Municipal Incinerator Ash Disposal Applicable for Pacific Island Communities<br/><br/>Author(s): Hindin, Ervin<br/><br/>Abstract: The disposal of municipal solid waste is a universal societal problem. Land disposal is the most common disposal method for these wastes. This method of disposal is becoming less attractive due to sparse availability and lack of new site locations. Incineration is an alternative treatment and disposal technology. However, this technology can produce ash containing leachable hazardous substances. A study was conducted to determine the leachability of lead, cadmium, two representatives from the polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) group, and one member of the dioxin group from two ash fractions and an ash-basalt solidified melt. Ash from the Waipahu, Hawai'i, incinerator was classified into three fractions. One fraction was a medium-sized ash particle, predominantly bottom ash. Another fraction was a small diameter ash particle fraction, primarily fly ash. In addition, a crushed ash-basalt melt was studied. Deionized water and reconstituted seawater were used as leaching solutions. Batch and continuous-flowleaching studies revealed that lead and cadmium can be leached from the two ash fractions; however, the targeted organic compounds were not extracted. Reconstituted seawater leached less metals from the ashthan deionized water. The solidified ash-basalt melt did not release metals and targeted organics into the leaching solution. Wed, 01 Aug 1990 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/8774 Title: WRRCSR No.10:18:91 Impoundment of Stream Flow in West Loch, Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii: A Feasibility Study<br/><br/>Author(s): Fok, Yu-Si; Murabayashi, Edwin T<br/><br/>Abstract: This study investigated the feasibility of capturing and storing fresh stream water flowing into West Loch, an estuarine, enclosed inland embayment of Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii, that is accessible to the seathrough a narrow channel. The concept is to create a sea-level reservoir in the loch by, in some manner, displacing the salt water with fresh water. Three possible methods for accomplishing this were examined. The first two involved damming the embayment at a desired point on the seaward side by using aconventional impermeable core earth dam or a fabridam or rubber dam, for which their technology is well developed and operational. The third method involved using a flexible impermeable membrane structureto separate the fresh water from the salt water. Thus, the salt water is displaced by the freshwater-filled container without a rigid barrier. This membrane technology is insufficiently developed to use operationally at this time. Six alternative dam sites having reservoirs of varying capacities were examined and analyzed as possible locations for the enclosure. The farthest downstream site has the largest storage capacity not only because of the reservoir's larger surface area, but also because the bottom becomes progressively shallower upstream. Major conclusions were (1) no dam site has a clear advantage becausethe sites storing the most water are the deeper areas used by the Navy, while the smaller shallower sites cannot store significant amounts, (2) there is sufficient stream inflow to annually fill even the largest reservoir, and (3) environmentally, considerable impact will occur within the reservoir as salinity decreases to freshwater levels. Tue, 01 Sep 1992 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/8773 Title: WRRCSR No.9:19:86 Rotating Biological Contactor Pilot Study: Fort Kamehameha Wastewater Treatment Plant, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii<br/><br/>Author(s): Dugan, Gordon L; Takiguchi, Dean K<br/><br/>Abstract: A self-contained pilot unit (including primary and secondary sedimentation)complete with electric motor driven plastic discs (surface area approximately 500 ft^2), located at the U.S. Navy's 7.5 mgd Fort Kamehameha Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) at Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii, was operated from July 1985 to July 1986 at four different operating modes: hydraulic loadings of 1.5, 3.0, and 5.0 gpd/ft^2 (flat disc area) with discs exposed; and 5.0 gpd/ft^2 with discs covered. The influent for the RBC unit was primary clarifier effluent, which was very brackish for wastewater (4000-5000 mg/l chloride). In addition, wastewater from industrial-typeoperations that use and discharge controlled/treated concentrations ofheavy metals were received at the WWTP. The median effluent BOD5 concentrations for the first two hydraulic loading rates (1.5 and 3.0 gpd/ft^2) were respectively 2.0 and 8.0 mg/l, with corresponding respective mediansuspended solids values of 8.0 am 7.5 mg/l. These values were comparable with the present WWTP operation utilizing the activated sludge process. Hydraulic loadings at 5.0 gpd/ft^2 provided median effluent BOD5 concentrations in the 30 to 35 mg/l range. Heavy metal concentrations in the wastewater flows of the WWTP and RBC unit were considerably below the level of concern, while some accumulation of heavy metals was noted for the higher concentrations of suspended and settled solids--the mixed liquor suspended solids and the raw and digested sludge. Replacing the existing activated sludge component with an RBC component being hydraulically loaded at 3.0 gpd/ft^2 would require an estimated capital cost of approximately $2,500,000, which would require nearly 20 years to repay in electrical cost savings, based on a 10¢/kWh electrical cost, that increases in cost at an annual rate of 5%, and an interest rate of 8% compounded annually. Mon, 01 Sep 1986 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/8772 Title: WRRCSR No.7:05:91 Leachate Evaluation and Monitoring Project, Kapaa Sanitary Landfill, Kawainui, Oahu, Hawaii<br/><br/>Author(s): Dugan, Gordon L<br/><br/>Abstract: The operation of the City and County of Honolulu Kapaa Sanitary Landfill, located next to Kawainui Marsh in Kawainui, Oahu, Hawaii, raised concern over the possibility that landfill leachate could have adverse effects on the marsh. Thus, an intensive 2-yr baseline study (1979-1980) was conducted in which six sampling sites each were established for surface water and groundwater; this was followed by anongoing, low-level monitoring program begun in 1981 and reported herein through 1990. Analyses were conducted for typical surface-water and leachate parameters. There was obvious interchange of the marsh water and groundwater, with the higher mineral constituents of seawater intrusion being more evident in the monitoring wells with lower water level. The outstanding characteristic of leachate, chemicaloxygen demand (COD), which was typically reported at a concentration of 18,000 mg/l, was found at only a fraction of this value at the sample stations - the highest annual median COD value of the 12-yr study being only 85 mg/l for one of the sampling wells, and 325 mg/l at a surface-water sampling station. No consistent correlation could be found between individual constituent concentrations of the surface-waterstations or monitoring wells and groundwater levels, rainfall, or seasonal and/or annual changes. It is concluded that any correlation between leachate production and the underlying groundwater quality would have to be considered minor at best. Thu, 01 Aug 1991 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/8771 Title: WRRCSR No.06:30:91(II) Simulation of Solute Transport in Heterogeneous Soils - Volume II: Numerical Experiments<br/><br/>Author(s): Liu, Clark CK; Loague, Keith; Azimi-Zonooz, Ali; Feng, Jing-Song<br/><br/>Abstract: Spatial variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity is examined to assess the effect of uncertainty in leaching of pesticides from heterogeneous soils. Saturated hydraulic conductivity, an important soil parameter that controls the transport of pesticides in soils, is assumed to be composed of a homogeneous mean value and a perturbation caused by the spatial variability of soil properties producing a stochastic process in the mean flow direction. The spatial heterogeneity of porous soils is characterized by thevariance and the correlation scale of the saturated hydraulic conductivity in the transport domain. In the first part of the study, numerical experiments are used to investigate the development of scale-dependent macrodispersivity in the unsaturated heterogeneous soils. In the second part of the study, the significanceof the variance on the spatial and temporal distribution of tracer spreading is demonstrated for Hawaii Oxic soils. The significance of variance regarding the spatial and temporal distribution of tracerconcentrations is demonstrated using solute breakthrough curves at various depths in the soil profile. Macrodispersivity values in heterogeneous soils are proportional to the variance at smaller travel distances and converge to the same value at larger travel distances. For greater correlational distances, a faster breakthrough of solutes at various depths was observed. Sat, 01 Jun 1991 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/8770 Title: WRRC Special/Project Reports List (12/27/93)<br/><br/>Abstract: Chronological list of Special and Project Reports published by WRRC from January 1983 through December 1993. Wed, 01 Dec 1993 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/8769 Title: WRRCSR No.06:20:84 Habitat Utilization Curves for Native Hawaiian Stream Fishes<br/><br/>Author(s): Kinzie, Robert A III; Ford, John I; Yuen, Andrew R; Chow, Sterling JL<br/><br/>Abstract: Habitat utilization curves were developed for life stages of three species of Hawaiian native stream fishes. The development of such curves is necessary for implementation of the Incremental Flow Instream Methodology (IFIM) in Hawaiian streams. Sufficient observations to develop usable curves were obtained for adult and juvenile Awaous stamineus, Sicyopterus stimpsoni, and Lentipes concolor. In addition, curveswere generated for hinana, undifferentiated new recruits from the marine zooplankton. Habitat parameters analyzed were mean water column velocity, depth, and substratum, using a modified Wentworth scale. Differences between species and life stagesare indicated. Fri, 01 Jun 1984 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/8738 Title: WRRCSR No.01:31:92 Wellhead Protection Methodology for Hawaii<br/><br/>Author(s): Oki, Delwyn S; Lau, L Stephen; Mink, John F<br/><br/>Abstract: Development of a wellhead protection strategy for Hawaii is technically difficult due to the wide range of aquifer types and groundwater extraction units which exist in the state. Three approaches were identified to meet wellhead protection needs in Hawaii. The first approach involves the delineation of wellhead protection areas (WHPAs) around individual extraction units. This is the approach originally envisioned by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in its guidelines for delineation of WHPAs. In most instances, lack of detailed hydrogeological information precludes the use of sophisticated delineation techniques. Thus, simple delineation methods have been identified for the principal extraction units in Hawaii. The second approach involves delineation of aquifer protection areas (APAs), which are based on aquifer boundaries. The APA approach is conceptually superior to the WHPA approach by virtue of its comprehensiveness since the entire aquifer is protected rather than just isolated areas surrounding the wellheads. The third is a phased approach which involves the initial delineation of WHPAs followed by delineation of an APA. That is, WHPAs can be delineated during the early stage of groundwater exploitation, and then an APA can be delineated at a later stage of exploitation near the sustainable yield of the aquifer. Selection of protection approach will be dependent on the importance of the aquifer and the degree of groundwater development. Wed, 01 Apr 1992 00:00:00 GMT