http://hdl.handle.net/10125/14535 Mon, 20 May 2013 09:01:21 GMT 2013-05-20T09:01:21Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26971 The reproductive mode of Drosophila mimica, a species endemic to the island of Hawaii, was determined by analyzing the ovarian development of three natural populations during a nine month period. Qualitatively the developmental profile of the ovaries remained the same in all the populations and for the entire collecting period. Each developmental stage was represented only in a fraction of the ovarioles, and mature eggs were usually found in half of the ovarioles. Quantitative differences were found between populations and between collections and these differences were correlated with the environmental conditions. The relative humidity was found to be the most important factor in regulating ovarian development by interrupting the growth of oocytes at the stage of RNA-yolk synthesis. A seven day period of constant low relative humidity causes the degeneration of grown oocytes, while a constant high humidity for the same period of time reinitiates normal development. This mechanism serves as a device to assure the presence of not more than one mature egg per ovariole, and thus prevents the overpopulation of the natural breeding substrates after environmental stresses. The adaptive significance and the theoretical implications of such behavior were discussed. Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. Wed, 01 May 1974 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26971 1974-05-01T00:00:00Z Kambysellis, Michael P http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26970 Shade adaptation of both gametophytes and sporophytes of a Hawaiian tree-fern, (Cibotium glaucum (Sm.) H. & A.) was measured by growing plants under a range of light intensities and at 2 daylengths, at 20 or 25°C. Three ecophysiological parameters of shade adaptation and adjustment, initial slope of the photosynthesis curve in response to increasing light intensity (α), rate of light saturated photosynthesis (PN max), and rate of photosynthesis at the intensity given during growth (PN growth), were determined by infra•red gas analysis. Both sporophytes and gametophytes showed shade adaptation by a decline in α with increasing irradiation during growth and shade adjustment by a light saturation value for shade-grown plants that was well above the level of light at which the plants were grown. Sporophytes exhibited one feature of sun plants; PN max increased with increasing irradiation during growth. Morphological adaptations to low light intensity included a narrowing of the gametophyte, higher chlorophyll contents on a fresh weight basis of both gametophytes and sporophytes, and reduced thickness of sporophyte fronds. A greater total frond area of shade•grown sporophytes was brought about by a greater area of individual fronds and a longer retention time of fronds. Rates of frond production and expansion were little affected by light intensity. Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in Sat, 01 Jun 1974 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26970 1974-06-01T00:00:00Z Friend, D J C http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26969 This paper is a systematic report and a biological analysis of the Mesoveliidae from Hawaiian caves. Most important is a new species of Speovelia Esaki, S. sp. (Hawaii I.), described from material collected on moist walls in lava tubes. This apparently represents the world's first troglobitic heteropteran. Morphologically, all instars show lack of pigmentation, functionless eyes and prolongation of the appendages and head. Biologically, it is restricted to the dark zone of lava tubes. Notes on its biology are given. It also represents the first known endemic species of the family for the Hawaiian Islands. Another species, Mesovelia amoena Uhler, is troglophilic. This is the first record of this immigrant American species in the Hawaiian Islands. The remaining species in Hawaii, the immigrant M. mulsanti White, has only been found in epigean situations. A key to the species is also presented. Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. Wed, 01 May 1974 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26969 1974-05-01T00:00:00Z Gagne, Wayne C; Howarth, Francis G http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26968 Three vascular plants endemic in native forests of the Hawaiian Islands were assessed for their phylloplane communities of fungi. The total Metrosideros collina var. polymorpha community (residents and transients) was three times greater than that of Acacia koa. The Cheirodendron trigynum var. trigynum community was not considered significant because of fewer samples. Community overlap of the total populations was 14% for Metrosideros and Acacia; 10.6% for all three leaves. Resident populations, if determined as fungi recovered only by maceration, were represented by 40 species for Metrosideros and 30 for Acacia. The difference between total and resident populations or species abundance can be equated to leaf anatomy, particularly the surface as a trapping and supporting layer. Of the resident fungi only a few could be considered endemic species. This does not preclude the possibility that others may exist. Distribution of populations by elevation was sporadic and reflected no clear evidence for altitudinal control. Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. Mon, 01 Jul 1974 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26968 1974-07-01T00:00:00Z Baker, Gladys E; Dunn, Paul H; Sakai, William A http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26965 This report contains the second set of Tables and Figures for the climatic data collected at the US/IBP Island Ecosystems IRP field sites on Mauna Loa, Hawaii. The majority of these data were collected during 1973 using the same procedures as employed for the data collection reported in Technical Report No. 22, Supplement 1. The data-analysis techniques have also remained the same. The only major addition to the type of data has been the presentation of the saturation deficit values. No attempt has been made in this report to interpret the Tables and Figures that are presented. Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. Wed, 01 May 1974 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26965 1974-05-01T00:00:00Z Bridges, Kent W; Carey, G Virginia http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26964 This paper describes the world's second troglobitic heteropteran, Nesidiolestes sp., and presents notes on its biology. The species is restricted to the dark zones of high altitude lava tubes on Hawaii Island. Body pigmentation is lacking and the eyes are strongly reduced. This discovery again demonstrates that adaptive radiation of the epigean fauna into cave situations has occurred in Hawaii. Rather than exhibiting relictual characteristics, the species seems recently derived from a surface-dwelling (epigean) ancestor and most closely resembles the extant N. selium Kirkaldy of the same island. Epigean species of Nesidiolestes Kirkaldy have a predisposition for the cave habitat in that they are cryptic, dark-seeking, apparently nocturnal, slow-moving insects frequenting the mossy undersides of fallen logs and ferns in the rain forest. The existence of N. sp. was actually predicted on the basis of the apparently preadaptive habits mentioned. This brings the number of described troglobitic arthropods in Hawaiian lava tubes to eight species. Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. Mon, 01 Jul 1974 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26964 1974-07-01T00:00:00Z Gagne, Wayne C; Howarth, Francis G http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26567 A survey of the internal parasites present in 21 species of birds in the Diamond Head area on Oahu was conducted during 1972-1973. A total of 121 birds were examined for protozoa and helminth infections. Twenty individuals were infected with protozoa and 40 with helminths. Forty of these birds were also examined for internal mites; seven were infected. Each type of parasite is discussed and its history in Hawaii. First records of parasites in Hawaii include Syngamus trachea taken from a Red-crested Cardinal, Capillaria sp. from a Cordon-bleu, Orange-cheeked Waxbill, and two Cardinals: Plagiorhynchus charadrii from a Golden Plover; Mediorhynchus orientalis from a Common Mynah, Cardinal, and two Red-crested Cardinals; and Sternostoma tracheacol from a Cordon-bleu and Red-eared Waxbill. Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. Mon, 01 Apr 1974 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26567 1974-04-01T00:00:00Z Smith, H Eddie; Guest, Sandra J http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26566 Sporophytes from natural populations of ferns occupying pioneer lava and mature rainforest habitats on the island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, were investigated to determine their mating system and frequency of recessive lethal genes (genetic load). Species dominant in pioneer lava habitats were found to have intragametophytic mating systems and to be devoid of lethal genotypes. Species from intermediate and mature rainforest habitats exhibited complex intergametophytic mating systems and higher levels of genetic load. It is suggested that natural selection has favored intragametophytic mating and homozygosity in species of less diverse and less competitive pioneer habitats and intergametophytic mating and heterozygosity in species of more mature habitats. Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. Fri, 01 Feb 1974 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26566 1974-02-01T00:00:00Z Lloyd, Robert M http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26565 This document is the fourth annual progress report of the ISLAND ECOSYSTEMS STABILITY AND EVOLUTION Subprogram of the U. S. International Biological Program (IBP). It covers the period from February 1973 through February 1974. During the fourth year, the Subprogram has completed a majority of its field studies and begun the preparation of a draft synthesis volume. This report discusses the scientific objectives which are proposed for the terminal year of funding, details the general plan by which these objectives will be met, and highlights some of the scientific accomplishments which have been recognized. A revised and detailed plan for the presentation of the synthesis results is included, as are compilations of the Contribution Numbers, Technical Reports, and Student Dissertations and Theses. Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. Fri, 01 Mar 1974 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26565 1974-03-01T00:00:00Z Mueller-Dombois, D; Bridges, K http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26053 Fog drip is an important parameter in the water balance of montane forest ecosystems on Mauna Loa (summit elevation 4170 m). In the present study relative fog interception was sampled on the windward slope of Mauna Loa, along an altitudinal transect from 600 to 3400 m. Stations were instrumented with louvered aluminum screen fog interceptors, paired to standard rain gages. The analysis of weekly rain and fog data over an 11 month period exposed the substantial contribution of fog in the mid-mountain belt between 1500 and 2500 m, particularly during the summer months with low direct rainfall. A set of simple regression equations were derived to predict fog interception as a function of rainfall and elevation. Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. Sat, 01 Dec 1973 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26053 1973-12-01T00:00:00Z Juvik, James O; Perreira, Douglas J http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26049 Almost all species recorded 20 years ago from seven plots of native dry forest stands at Mokuleia are still found in their respective plots. Except in two plots, almost all the dominant native species are regenerating and maintaining themselves. The regeneration of native Canthium odoratum is curtailed by a moth (Orneodes obiurgatella Walsingham) which infests and kills embryos of Canthium. Introduced Schinus terebinthifolius trees have invaded the plot and have also suppressed the native Canthium trees. The seedling establishment of native Erythrina sandwicensis was handicapped by the invasion of an introduced grass Melinis minutiflora which covers the ground densely. Other new introduced species invaded almost all plots, whereas new native species invaded only plots located in or near the Mokuleia Forest Reserve, the main sources of native species in this area. If undisturbed by animals or fire, native forests can maintain themselves. However, shade-tolerant introduced species seem to remain as minor component in these native forests. Among the native species, Sapindus oahuensis is able to invade the introduced Leucaena leucocephala stands, where Sapindus can become the dominant tree cover. To reclaim the dry lowland areas with native forest trees, Sapindus seems to be one of the species of promise. Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. Tue, 01 Jan 1974 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26049 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z Wirawan, Nengah http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26048 In this report, we have described the equipment, techniques and chemical solutions necessary to do electrophoresis on Hawaiian Drosophila and some other organisms. Such techniques are useful in analyzing genetic relationships and population structure. Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. Thu, 01 Nov 1973 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26048 1973-11-01T00:00:00Z Steiner, W W M; Johnson, W E http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26047 This project has undertaken to determine whether spatial arrangements could be detected and species groups defined mathematically in a montane rain forest ecosystem, which is located on the island of Hawaii on the east side of Mauna Loa in the Kilauea Forest Reserve. The vegetation was divided into four height layers, each of which contained species of similar life-form. A mathematical approach was used to determine if the vegetation could be further stratified on the ground. The data collected consisted of species quantities, such as cover or counts, in quadrats along transects. Plots, consisting of several of the smaller quadrats, were compared by ordination for the similarity of their composition. Species were compared by ordination for their similarity in occurrence by quadrats. The spatial arrangement within each life-form layer was determined by a new approach, called the heterogeneity test, utilizing random samples, the sum-of-squares clustering of the species and the comparison of the resultant dendrograms by statistical tests. Species groups within a heterogeneous layer were isolated by the sum-of-squares clustering. The ordination of plots in general revealed some variation, but no different species assemblages were detected within any of the layers. Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. Sat, 01 Dec 1973 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26047 1973-12-01T00:00:00Z Maka, Jean E http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26046 Studies are in progress on the island of Hawaii which we hope will determine 1) the strategy and energetic cost of the outcrossing system of Metrosideros collina polymorpha, 2) the strategy and energetic efficiency of the foraging system of the three most common species of honeycreepers in an M. collina forest, and 3) the efficiency of energy transfer from the producer M. collina to the honeycreeper nectivores. Preliminary results indicate that ohia produces larger amounts of nectar than would be necessary if its avian pollinators were more sedentary in their foraging habits, but sufficient nectar to support the more mobile foraging system as described herein. Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. Sat, 01 Dec 1973 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26046 1973-12-01T00:00:00Z Carpenter, F Lynn; MacMillen, Richard E http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26016 Fourteen Hawaiian Sciaridae (Diptera) were studied in the laboratory and reared in constant temperature cabinets at 20°C + or - 2°. Six of these species are possibly endemic. The mean developmental time in days of eggs, larvae and pupae for each species, except Hyperlasion magnisensoria (Hardy) is given. Total mean developmental time for each species was as follows: Bradysia, sp. 1 - 18.8; B. impatiens (Johannsen) - 16.3; B. molokaiensis (Grimshaw) - 16.2; B. spatitergum (Hardy) - 17.9; B. tritici (Coquillett), "monogenic"- 18.5; B. tritici (Coquillett), “digenic"- 22.2; Corynoptera brevipalpis Steffan - 34.0; Ctenosciara hawaiiensis (Hardy) - 29.0; Lycoriella hoyti (Hardy) - 33.0; L. Mali (Fitch) - 20.0; L. solispina (Hardy) - 19.8; Phytosciara, sp. 2 - 21.5; Plastosciara perniciosa Edwards - 27.3 and Scatopsciara nigrita Hardy - 24.5. The probable ecological role for each species is given. Most Hawaiian Sciaridae are either phytosaprophagous or mycetophagous or both. Some are known to be facultatively phytophagous elsewhere and several species are probably facultatively coprophagous. One or more species may be corticolous feeders. Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. Fri, 01 Jun 1973 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/26016 1973-06-01T00:00:00Z Steffan, Wallace A. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/25996 Psylla uncatoides is a recent accidental introduction to the Hawaiian Islands. Its population densities are closely tied to the flush phenology of Acacia spp. The psyllid was studied on Acacia koa on the southeastern slope of Mauna Loa above 4000 ft. and on Acacia koaia on the southern slope of Kohala Mt. (3200 ft.). Psyllid counts were broken down into four categories: eggs, small nymphs, large nymphs, and adults. Terminal samples were taken to obtain egg and nymphal population estimates. Adult populations were estimated from three minute D-VAC samples. The percent new terminal growth was estimated at the time of each sample. A strong relationship between peak psyllid populations and flush die-back was observed. It was suspected that the psyllid is aiding in the spread of koa rusts, as 63% of 179 psyllid adults observed had rust spores on their integument. Several predatory insects, principally coccinellid beetles and Neuroptera, were found associated with psyllid infestations, but none were satisfactorily controlling the psyllid. No parasites or diseases of the psyllid were found in the State. We plan to evaluate the effectiveness of additional natural enemies which are being introduced from Australia, the apparent native home of the psyllid. Possible associations of other insects with the psyllid have been observed and will be investigated. Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. Sun, 01 Apr 1973 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/25996 1973-04-01T00:00:00Z Leeper, John R; Beardsley, J W http://hdl.handle.net/10125/25995 The study relates to an investigation of the vegetation around Kahe power station, a recently established electricity generating plant at Kahe Point on SW Oahu. A vegetation map was prepared from aerial photographs at 1:5,000 and a search was made for possible S02 damage manifestations from the fumes emitted by the plant. Three major communities were identified, (1) closed forest of Prosopis pallida, (2) open forest-scrub dominated by Leucaena leucocephala and Acacia farnesiana and 3) open scrub-grassland dominated by the native pili grass (Heteropogon contortus). Within each of these major units, two to three floristic and structural subunits were mapped. No S02 damage was noted in the vascular plants. A separate survey of rock-lichens on identically sea-breeze-exposed ridges, north and south of the power plant, showed a considerably lower abundance of foliose rock-lichens in the southern area which receives much of the S02 plume. It was concluded that a beginning influence is shown by the lower abundance of lichens and that S02 damage in the vascular plants may show up only during the rainy season when the vegetation is actively growing. The investigation was done during the dry season in September. Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. Sun, 01 Oct 1972 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/25995 1972-10-01T00:00:00Z Mueller-Dombois, Dieter; Spatz, Gunter http://hdl.handle.net/10125/25993 The Hawaiian Islands offer great potential for evolutionary research. The discovery of specialized cavernicoles among the adaptively radiating fauna adds to that potential. About 50 lava tubes and a few other types of caves on 4 islands have been investigated. Tree roots, both living and dead, are the main energy source in the caves. Some organic material percolates into the cave through cracks associated with the roots. Cave slimes and accidentals also supply some nutrients. Lava tubes form almost exclusively in pahoehoe basalt, usually by the crusting over of lava rivers. However, the formation can be quite complex. Young basalt has numerous avenues such as vesicles, fissures, layers, and smaller tubes which allow some intercave and interlava flow dispersal of cavernicoles. In older flows these avenues are plugged by situation or blocked or cut by erosion. Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. Fri, 01 Dec 1972 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/25993 1972-12-01T00:00:00Z Howarth, Francis G http://hdl.handle.net/10125/25991 Observations on phenology and growth of several Hawaiian plants between January 1971 and June 1972 are presented. Most species exhibit some seasonality in flowering, fruiting, flushing, and (at least in deciduous species) leaf fall. Most phenophases show single annual peaks, but durations of phenophases generally extend over periods of several months, and onset and cessation of most phenophases in gradual rather than sharply marked. In Acacia koa the flowering peak occurred between December 1971 and February 1972 in plots on the Mauna Loa Strip Road, and in October 1971 in the Kilauea Forest Reserve, but all plots showed considerable winter flowering. However, little or no flowering took place in the winter of 1970-71. At higher elevations peak flushing was during summer months, at lower elevations during winter and spring. In Sophora chrysophylla flowering and flushing took place throughout the year without pronounced peaks at Kipuka Nene. Plots at 6000 and 6700 feet on the Strip Road showed flowering throughout the year, but with pronounced winter peaks. At 4000 and 5150 feet on the Strip Road the flowering peak was during winter and no summer flowering was found. Peak flushing occurred during spring and summer in all Strip Road plots. Cheirodendron trigynum shows peak flowering in summer, peak flushing in winter and spring. Sapindus saponaria flushes in spring, flowers in summer, and loses its leaves in winter. Diospyros ferrea flushes throughout the year, but most heavily in fall and winter; peak flowering is during winter and spring. Erythrina sandwicensis loses its leaves in spring, flowers during summer, and flushes in the fall. Ilex anomala flushes in spring, shows peak flowering in summer with flowering extending into fall and winter. Coprosma ochracea has peak flushing and flowering simultaneously in spring. Myrsine lessertiana has peak flushing in spring, with a less pronounced flush in fall; the flowering peak is in the late winter, continuing through spring. Myoporum sandwicense shows peak flowering in summer and fall; flushing seems to occur throughout the year. Santalum ellipticum flowers and flushes throughout the year, with peaks for both extending from summer to fall. Dodonaea viscosa seems to flush throughout the year; peak flowering occurs in fall and extends into winter and spring. All species examined show cambial activity throughout the year, but growth rates vary from month to month. It has not been possible to demonstrate correlations between rainfall and growth rates. Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. Fri, 01 Jun 1973 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/25991 1973-06-01T00:00:00Z Lamoureux, Charles H http://hdl.handle.net/10125/25979 Fourteen Hawaiian Sciaridae (Diptera) were studied in the laboratory and reared in constant temperature cabinets at 20°C + or -2°. Six of these species are possibly endemic. The mean developmental time in days of eggs, larvae and pupae for each species, except Hyperlasion magnisensoria (Hardy) is given. Total mean developmental time for each species was as follows: Bradysia, sp. 1 - 18.8; B. impatiens (Johannsen) - 16.3; B. molokaiensis (Grimshaw) - 16.2;B. spatitergum (Hardy) - 17.9; B.tritici (Coquillett), "monogenic"- 18.5; B. tritici (Coquillett), “digenic"- 22.2; Corynoptera brevipalis Steffan - 34.0; Ctenosciara hawaiiensis (Hardy) - 29.0; Lycoriella hayti (Hardy) - 33.0; L. solispina (Fitch) -20.0; L. solispina (Hardy) - 19.8; Phytosciara, sp. 2 - 21.5; Plastosciara pernicisoa Edwards - 27.3 and Scatopsciara nigrita Hardy - 24.5. The probable ecological role for each species is given. Most Hawaiian Sciaridae are either phytosaprophagous or mycetophagous or both. Some are known to be facultatively phytophagous elsewhere and several species are probably facultatively coprophagous. One or more species may be corticolous feeders. Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. Fri, 01 Jun 1973 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/25979 1973-06-01T00:00:00Z Steffan, Wallace A