http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1085 Sat, 25 May 2013 08:39:54 GMT 2013-05-25T08:39:54Z http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu:80/bitstream/id/2993/PacSci.jpg http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1085 http://hdl.handle.net/10125/2024 The Hawaiian endemic shrimp Halocaridina ruhra Holthuis currently inhabits anchialine pools on Maui, Kaho'olawe, O'ahu, Moloka'i, and Hawai'i islands. Information is presented on the feeding, reproductive, and sensory biology of these shrimp. Feeding cheliped setae are of two types, serrated setae that scrape the substrate surface and filamentous setae that collect the loosened food materials or act as filters. The shrimp are primarily microphagous grazers that scrape the surface of the algal-cyanobacterial crust on pool substrates. This grazing activity is essential in maintaining the integrity of the crust, an actively growing matrix of plants, bacteria, diatoms, protozoans, and underlying siliceous and carbonate materials. Filter feeding is only observed in pools with dense phytoplankton blooms. The first and second pleopods of male and female shrimp are illustrated, and reproduction in captive populations from Hawai'i and O'ahu locations is described. Sense organs examined include the eye, aesthetasc hairs, campaniform sensilla, ringed setae, and abdominal pits with flared setae. The anchialine shrimp H. ruhra appears to be a generalist, feeds as a microphagous grazer or filter feeder, is well adapted to the epigeal-hypogeal habitat in the pools, reproduces in the subterranean portion of the habitat, and is equipped with sensory structures that detect motion and chemical changes in the environment. Survival of this endemic species is dependent upon the continued integrity of its habitat, which is unique and sparsely represented on five of the eight high Hawaiian Islands. Fri, 01 Oct 1993 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/2024 1993-10-01T00:00:00Z Bailey-Brock, Julie H; Brock, Richard E http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1865 Fri, 01 Oct 1993 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1865 1993-10-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1864 The intertidal herbivorous snail Planaxis sulcatus (Born) showed different avoidance behavior in response to crushed conspecifics than that to whole or crushed Morula anaxeres (Kiener). Addition of a crushed conspecific to pools containing P. sulcatus caused most individuals to move until they had reached crevices, but addition of the predatory gastropod M. anaxeres caused most P. sulcatus to move upward until they were no longer submerged. Planaxis sulcatus that had moved to crevices in response to crushed conspecifics climbed upward until no longer submerged after M. anaxeres was added to pools. It is suggested that crushed conspecifics are a cue for shell-crushing predators, which may be escaped by moving to crevices. However, such behavior provides little or no protection against a drilling gastropod compared with climbing upward until no longer submerged. The rapid and almost unanimous avoidance response of P. sulcatus was contrasted with the less uniform and relatively slower responses of two temperate species, Littorina unifasciata Philippi and Littorina cincta Quoy & Gaimard, to their local predators. It is suggested that differences in avoidance behavior may indicate increased predation pressure at lower latitudes. Fri, 01 Oct 1993 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1864 1993-10-01T00:00:00Z McKillup, Stephen C; McKillup, Ruth V http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1863 A total of 266 species of fishes are listed from Midway Atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, of which 258 are reef and shore fishes. The inshore fish fauna of Midway is impoverished by comparison with the 457 species of reef and shore fishes known from the main Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii to Niihau). The fewer fish species reported from Midway must be due partially to less collecting effort. However, the cooler sea temperature and lack of certain high-island habitats at the atoll are probably the principal causes of the disparity. Some species attain larger size at Midway than in the main Hawaiian Islands, and an explanation is proposed for Midway fishes being more easily approached, in general, by divers. Fri, 01 Oct 1993 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1863 1993-10-01T00:00:00Z Randall, John E; Earle, John L; Pyle, Richard L; Parrish, James D; Hayes, Therese http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1862 The occurrence and patterns of stabilimenta in 1195 webs of the orb weaver Argiope appensa (Walckenaer) from four islands in the Mariana Archipelago were recorded. Webs on the largest and southernmost island, Guam, had significantly fewer stabilimenta (16.4%, n = 359) than webs of conspecifics from the neighboring islands of Rota (56.9%, n = 211), Tinian (41.9%, n = 315), and Saipan (50.3%, n = 310), as well as from webs of Argiope spp. worldwide (47.8%, n = 5662). The differences in stabilimentum frequency in webs between sites in the Marianas were not correlated with vegetation, light levels, the distribution of individuals within web size classes, or the presence of certain stabilimentum patterns. Factors operating at scales smaller than the sample sites may influence stabilimentum frequency, because several locations showed nonrandom clumping of decorated webs. One theory for the function of stabilimenta is that they reduce damage to the web by warning flying birds of the web's location. Because Guam's native birds have been eliminated recently by the introduction of the brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis (Merrem), the low frequency of decorated webs of A. appensa on Guam might, therefore, be either a behavioral response to the avian extinctions or a result of reduced selection for stabilimenta in the absence of birds. Fri, 01 Oct 1993 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1862 1993-10-01T00:00:00Z Kerr, Alexander M http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1861 Specimens were collected in November 1991 at six sites ranging from 200 to 1000 m altitude. We have identified 35 species (297 specimens) of 12 genera; 8 species are recorded from China for the first time. We have added notes on the status of additional specimens belonging to the genera Scaptodrosophila Duda and Nesiodrosophila Wheeler & Takada. Fri, 01 Oct 1993 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1861 1993-10-01T00:00:00Z Kai, Hu; Zhang, Wen-Xia; Carson, HL http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1860 The cixiid genus Oliarus has undergone extensive adaptive radiation on the Hawaiian Islands, with 80 described endemic species descending from an initial successful colonization by a single ancestral species. In Hawaiian Oliarus, however, adaptive radiation is not restricted to surface habitats. Several evolutionary lines have invaded lava tubes independently on the islands of Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. Populations of one of the cave invasions on the island of Hawaii, the blind, flightless, and pigmentless species Oliarus polyphemus Fennah, have been found in numerous lava tubes within four of the five volcanoes on the island. Recent investigations on mating behavior, especially the analysis of the substrate-borne courtship signals of several O. polyphemus populations, revealed a high degree of divergence: the signals of all seven cave populations studied differ significantly. Because these signals serve formate recognition within species of planthoppers, we regard the O.polyphemus populations studied to be reproductively isolated (i.e., representing separate biological species). Hypotheses to explain this high degree of divergence among O. polyphemus populations are discussed. Fri, 01 Oct 1993 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1860 1993-10-01T00:00:00Z Hoch, Hannelore; Howarth, Francis G http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1859 Fri, 01 Oct 1993 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1859 1993-10-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1770 Elattostachys vitiensis Seemann ex Radlk. is separated from E. falcata (A. Gray) Radlk., as a distinct species. Elattostachysfalcata is reduced to E. apetala (Labill.) Radlk. A key to the species of Elattostachys (Blume) Radlk. in Fiji and some distributional notes are given. Thu, 01 Jul 1993 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1770 1993-07-01T00:00:00Z Adema, Frits http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1769 Eight species originally described in Ardisia Sw., plus a ninth species newly described here, are grouped together to compose a new subgenus, Scherantha, within the genus Ardisia. A key to the species, illustrations, descriptions, and a distribution map of the taxa are provided. The question of generic limits and the characterization of Ardisia, Tapeinosperma, and Discocalyx are addressed. Thu, 01 Jul 1993 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1769 1993-07-01T00:00:00Z Stone, Benjamin C http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1767 The Hawaiian stream limpet, Neritina granosa Sowerby, has three shell morphologies: conic (smooth, narrow shell), intermediate (rugose, narrow shell), and winged (flattened, rugose, and flared shell margin). We studied the relationship between shell morphology and water flow in a laboratory flume and in populations from Palauhulu Stream, Maui. Winged morphs represented 82% of the population at the mouth below the terminal waterfall. At sites above the falls, conic and intermediate morphs dominated. Limpets from the mouth had significantly lower shell-length/shell-width and body-weight/shellweight ratios and occurred in areas of lower benthic and surface velocities than upstream populations. Field determinations of velocities (measured with a thermistor-based microcurrent meter) around individual N. granosa in the field that were oriented parallel to flow demonstrated that conic and intermediate morphs experienced significantly less drag than winged morphs; there was no significant effect when shells were oriented perpendicular to flow. In a laboratory flume, conic and intermediate shells oriented parallel to flow exhibited significantly greater lift and less drag than a winged morph. There was no significant difference in lift and drag for conic and winged morphs in a perpendicular orientation. Because field orientation of the three shell morphs is unpredictable, we hypothesize that microhabitat flow has little or no effect on the phenotypic expression of shell morphology in N. granosa. We feel that the transition between winged and conic/intermediate morphs in upstream populations is restricted by bioenergetic constraints on the partitioning of energy between the competing demands of shell and tissue growth. Thu, 01 Jul 1993 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1767 1993-07-01T00:00:00Z Way, Carl M; Burky, Albert J; Lee, Michael T http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1766 The behavioral basis of depth regulation is determined for the first pelagic larval stage of the shore crab Hemigrapsus oregonensis Dana. Larvae are negatively buoyant, passively sinking at 0.79 em/sec in 25 parts per thousand (ppt) salinity (S) seawater and at 0.67 em/sec in 30 ppt S. At 30 ppt S, larvae are negatively geotactic and move upward. At 25 ppt S, larvae remain negatively geotactic, but a low level of locomotor activity results in net downward movement. Swimming speed is higher at 30 ppt S than at 25 ppt S; however, there is no response to incremental increases in hydrostatic pressure up to 0.8 atm at either salinity. Behavioral responses should promote upward migration of the hatching stage similar to the case with other intertidal crab species; however, low precision in depth regulation contrasts with results from other species. Thu, 01 Jul 1993 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1766 1993-07-01T00:00:00Z Arana, Marielise; Sulkin, Stephen http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1765 The herpetofauna of the Senkaku Group, western Ryukyus, was reviewed on the basis of recent fieldwork, as well as museum specimens and literature records. As a result, six species of reptiles were recorded from the islands. They are Gekko hokouensis Pope, Eumeces elegans Boulenger, Scincella sp., Ramphotyphlops braminus (Daudin), Elaphe carinata carinata (Gunther), and Dinodon rufozonatus rufozonatus (Cantor). No amphibian species were recorded. The herpetofauna of the Senkaku Group is distinct from that of other parts of the Ryukyu Archipelago and is more similar to that of Taiwan and eastern continental China. These conclusions conform with paleogeographical evidence indicating that most islands of the Senkaku Group and Taiwan were connected to the eastern margin of the continent during the most recent glacial period, when the remaining Ryukyu Islands were never connected by dry land with the continent. Thu, 01 Jul 1993 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1765 1993-07-01T00:00:00Z Ota, Hidetoshi; Sakaguchi, Noriaki; Ikehara, Sadao; Hikida, Tsutomu http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1764 Color patterns of juveniles of many fish species differ from those of adult conspecifics. The adaptiveness of such coloration has seldom been studied, despite longstanding interest in the subject. I tested the hypothesis that distinctive juvenile coloration masks species identity, thereby reducing aggression from adults and permitting young fish to occupy areas within adult territories. I measured the responses of adult, territorial garibaldi (Hypsypops rubicundus [Girard]) to naturally colored juveniles and to juveniles altered to resemble adults or heterospecifics when presented live in clear, plastic bags filled with seawater. Preliminary results showed that adults attacked normally colored juveniles more than any other color pattern presented, indicating that juvenile coloration in H. rubicundus does not inherently reduce adult aggression. I discuss the merits and testability of alternative hypotheses for ontogenetic color change in damselfishes. Thu, 01 Jul 1993 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1764 1993-07-01T00:00:00Z Neal, Thomas J http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1763 New records, new species, and name changes of shore fishes for the Hawaiian Islands published since 1980 are briefly reviewed. The following species of fishes are new records or recognized as valid species for Hawaii: the moray Gymnothorax elegans Bliss (G. goldsboroughi Jordan & Evermann is a junior synonym), the false moray Xenoconger fryeri Regan, the frogfish Antennarius randalli Allen, the soldierfish Myripristis vittata Cuvier, the snapper Lutjanus gibbus (Forsskiil), the spadefish Platax boersii Bleeker, the butterflyfish Chaetodon ulietensis Cuvier, the damselfishes Chromis acares Randall and Plectroglyphidodon phoenixensis Schultz, the goby Mugilogobius parvus (Oshima), a probable unintentional introduction, and Arothron manilensis (Proce). Thu, 01 Jul 1993 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1763 1993-07-01T00:00:00Z Randall, John E; Earle, John L; Hayes, Therese; Pittman, Corydon; Severns, Mike; Smith, R Jan F http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1762 To evaluate the status of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas L.) and hawksbills (Eretmochelys imbricata L.) in American Samoa, residents in 58 coastal villages were interviewed, public sightings were monitored, and surveys on remote islands were conducted. We estimate that turtle populations have seriously declined in the Territory, and now total only about 120 nesting females (species combined) per year. Most turtles and eggs encountered by villagers are still harvested. Thu, 01 Jul 1993 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1762 1993-07-01T00:00:00Z Tuato'o-Bartley, Natasha; Morrell, Thomas E; Craig, Peter http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1761 Population recovery-related management actions have been taken to rebuild the endangered Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi Matschie) colony at Kure Atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands since 1981. In 1990, composition of the Kure population was determined by a combination of methods to identify all seals using the atoll. The resident 1990 population included 75 seals, and an increasing trend in the mean annual beach count of seals over the last decade is apparent. Two major changes have occurred in the population since 1985. A shift in the adult sex ratio (males/females), from 2.7: 1 to 0.8: 1, has developed and appears to be due to both adult male losses and increased recruitment of females. Also, the declining trend in births apparent between 1981 and 1986 has been reversed. These findings suggest cause for optimism for the continued growth of this population. Thu, 01 Jul 1993 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1761 1993-07-01T00:00:00Z Van Toorenburg, Richard A; Gilmartin, William G; Henderson, John R http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1760 Uina'i, with only 361 km2 of land area, is one of the smaller Hawaiian Islands. Its forest area is limited and its complement of flora and fauna is correspondingly low. Its relative isolation, however, has allowed development of a small but distinctive group of endemic plants, birds, insects, and molluscs. Throughout its period of human occupation it has suffered gradual losses in biodiversity due to the effects of grazing and browsing herbivores, aggressive introduced plants, predacious carnivores, diseases, and human activities. In recent years the loss of species has accelerated as Uina'i's ecosystems have begun to suffer catastrophic collapse. This paper documents the changes that have occurred in historical chronology and predicts long-term results. Thu, 01 Jul 1993 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1760 1993-07-01T00:00:00Z Hobdy, Robert http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1759 Thu, 01 Jul 1993 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1759 1993-07-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1758 The first study of anomalous orographic rains of O'ahu, Hawai'i, utilized the average daily amounts and shower frequency characteristics as an indication of where they were first formed. In this renewed study I show that the rain rates, rather than the amounts and shower frequency, are more appropriate for revealing rain origin. Hourly amounts at gage sites alined about parallel and normal to the winds are graphically presented. The graphs reveal that many of the rains, although concentrated over the island, apparently originated as light rains over the windward sea along a crosswind line, intensifying as the wind-borne overcast of cumulus clouds was carried inland. This finding adds further support to early suggestions of an over-sea origin of many of O'ahu's orographic rains. It is hypothesized that all of these anomalous rain lines, and perhaps the trade-wind cumulus showers as well, originate upwind of the island. The idea could be readily tested experimentally. Thu, 01 Apr 1993 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1758 1993-04-01T00:00:00Z Woodcock, Alfred H