http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1041 Wed, 19 Jun 2013 19:27:23 GMT 2013-06-19T19:27:23Z http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu:80/bitstream/id/2925/PacSci.jpg http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1041 http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1450 Sun, 01 Jan 1978 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1450 1978-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1449 Sun, 01 Oct 1978 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1449 1978-10-01T00:00:00Z Titcomb, Margaret; Fellows, Danielle B; Pukui, Mary Kawena; Devaney, Dennis M http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1448 Sun, 01 Oct 1978 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1448 1978-10-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1441 Sat, 01 Jul 1978 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1441 1978-07-01T00:00:00Z St. John, Harold http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1440 A wave-exposed sea stack and a protected boulder beach at Cayucos Point, California, were compared in terms of their intertidal biota on 17-18 February 1973. The major differences between the two sites appear to be due largely to differences in the shearing forces of waves and habitat structure. The mosaic of crevices, rivulets, and angled substrates in conjunction with a broad gradual slope and reduced wave action at the boulder beach habitat resulted in a predominance of macrophytes and a zonational pattern related to both horizontal location on the shore and vertical tidal level, while sessile macroinvertebrates with zonal patterns closely correlated to tidal height dominated the sea stack. Upward shifts in comparable vertical zones at the sea stack were clearly correlated with increased wetting higher on the shore due to waves and splash, in agreement with similar findings by other workers. The most abundant macrophytes at both sites were blue-green algae and Endocladia muricata,-althoughtheotherabundant.speciesweredifferentat-each site. Eive sessile macroinvertebrates (Mytilus californianus, Chthamalus fissus, C. dalli, Balanus (Balanus) glandula, and Pollicipes polymerus) dominated the sea stack, while only three sessile speci((s (Anthopleura elegantissima, C. fissus, and C. dalll) were prevalent on the boulder beach. Of the mobile macroinvertebrates, Tegulafunebralis was the most numerous species at the boulder beach whereas the limpets Acmaea (Collisella) scabra and A. (Collisella) digitalis occurred most abundantly on the sea stack. Although a greater number of taxa and higher species richness values were recorded at the boulder beach, the evenness index and Shannon's index indicated a higher diversity on the sea stack. At the boulder beach, 12 species assemblages were defined by cluster analysis, while only 6 such groups were identified on the sea stack. The boulder beach macrophytes contributed approximately one-third more to total community primary production than did those of the sea stack (169.7 versus 116.5 net mg C m-2 h-1), due mainly to the greater cover and concomitant production by Cyanophyta and fucalean Phaeophyta. Sat, 01 Jul 1978 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1440 1978-07-01T00:00:00Z Seapy, Roger R; Littler, Mark M http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1439 This report includes a key and description of nine species of the family Scinidae collected with midwater trawls from off the coast of Oahu, Hawaii. One new species, Scina hawaiensis, is described. Thirty-five additional species from the same samples are discussed by Brusca (1973). Notes are included on vertical distribution and migrations, and the known geographic distributions of the species are reported. Sat, 01 Jul 1978 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1439 1978-07-01T00:00:00Z Brusca, Gary J http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1438 Two large collections of Conus from the Galapagos Islands permitted the analysis of size, sex ratio, and food of 4 of the estimated 13 species of Conus present in the islands. The species investigated were C. diadema, C. lucidus, C. tiaratus, and C. nux. Significantly unequal sex ratios were found in the samples of C. diadema, C. lucidus, and C. tiaratus, but there was no indication of sexual dimorphism in shell sizes. Conus diadema was found to have the most catholic diet of the species, consuming mainly polychaetes of the family Terebellidae, but also sipunculids, mollusks, and eight other polychaete families. Very few food items were recovered from the guts of C. lucidus and most were polychaetes of the families Sabellariidae and Capitellidae. Conus tiaratus and C. nux were both found to feed primarily on polychaetes of the families Nereidae and Eunicidae. In both cases, the dominant species was Nereis jacksoni. Comparison of diets between cognate species in the Galapagos and the Indo-West Pacific indicated the Galapagos species consumed somewhat different prey species. Although there are significantly fewer Conus speCies peihabitafiri the Galapagos than in the Indo-West Pacific, fhere were no significant differences with respect to number of prey species consumed or prey species diversity between the areas. Thus, there was no evidence of decreased dietary specialization in the presence of fewer competing congeners. Sat, 01 Jul 1978 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1438 1978-07-01T00:00:00Z Nybakken, James http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1437 Six species of cardinalfishes (Pisces: Apogonidae) are found together in shallow marine waters of Hawaii day and night. All six species remain in holes and caves during the day and emerge at night when they feed. The centers of abundance, ecological ranges, and other requirements of the six species differ during their life histories. During the day, Foa brachygramma is found in crevices or rubble on shallow, calm reef flats and unlike the other species may enter areas of low salinity and poor circulation. Young Foa are found under ledges in deeper water than are adults. Apogon menesemus is most abundant in clear, relatively deep water, especially where the substrate is almost completely covered by live coral. It lives at the back of holes or caves. Apogon erythrinus frequently inhabits small, dark holes in either dead coral heads or basalt cliff caves. Apogonichthys waikiki is most often found in pairs in large, widely spaced living coral heads. Apogon maculiferus adults are found under ledges and in caves at depths of over 20 meters. Young A. maculiferus aggregations are found in shallow water under ledges or at cave entrances. Apogon snyderi has the widest habitat distribution, although it is restricted to substrates with some sand. It lives in the middle of caves close to the floor, and under rubble, coral heads, or ledges. Each species reacts differently to increasing or decreasing light levels. Generally, a species' response to a given amount of light in the laboratory is similar in the field. In shallow water, adult Apogonichthys waikiki is not seen outside holes unless light intensity is less than 1.75 fc. Apogon erythrinus emerges or enters holes at about ±5 fc, A. menesemus at about 16 fc, and A. snyderi at about 88 fc. Adult Foa brachygramma leaves or enters cover at about 2400 fc, young Foa at about 700 fc. Adult Apogon maculiferus emerge and enter cover at about 100 fc and young A. maculiferus at about 2700 fc. Diurnal predators remove more individuals of species living in brighter light intensities; cavedwelling predators remove those living in lower light intensities. At night all species are opportunistic carnivores on zooplankton and benthic invertebrates, but there are differences in their foraging locations. Apogon snyderi and A. maculiferus forage mostly over light-colored substrates, but A. maculiferus feeds nearer dawn, higher in the water, in aggregations, and closer to large objects than does A. snyderi. Apogon erythrinus is found no more than 3 cm from hard substrates, vertical and horizontal. The other three species are found near large underwater objects. Foa brachygramma remains near the bottom when there is a current, and groups of fish rise in the water column on quiet nights when there is a half to full moon. Apogon menesemus is most often found in midwater and is often located in the shadow of large underwater objects on moonlit nights. Apogonichthys waikiki hovers near holes in the isolated coral heads where it is found diurnally. Nocturnal predators take individuals of all species except A. waikiki. Sat, 01 Jul 1978 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1437 1978-07-01T00:00:00Z Chave, EH http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1436 A complete list of native and introduced Fijian terrestrial vertebrates has been compiled that includes a number of previously unrecorded reptiles. An analysis has been made of the habitat distribution of most species. The past and present status of the various native vertebrates is examined, and the impact of post-European vertebrate introductions on the indigenous and endemic fauna is assessed in the light of current knowledge. It is concluded that the success of certain introduced bird species is due in part to their close association with human-modified habitats, while the native species are primarily adapted to a forest environment. Although the introduced mongoose may be implicated in the decline of some native vertebrate species, its effect may be less important than previously stated and is certainly less than the effect of native habitat destruction and environmental modification by humans. Sat, 01 Jul 1978 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1436 1978-07-01T00:00:00Z Pernetta, John C; Watling, Dick http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1435 Sat, 01 Jul 1978 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1435 1978-07-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1434 Fourteen sediment samples from Lake Waiau, a tropical alpine lake in Hawaii, were analyzed by X-ray diffraction for their mineral composition. Plagioclase is the major mineral; others are montmorillonite, goethite, and quartz. Plagioclase is derived from local tephra; montmorillonite and goethite are weathering products; and quartz is of eolian origin. A diagenetic mineral, vivianite, is also present. Sat, 01 Apr 1978 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1434 1978-04-01T00:00:00Z Fan, Pow-Foong http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1433 The diatom species inhabiting Lake Waiau, Hawaii, over a period of several thousand years have been identified. An unusually high incidence of morphological variation was found. A new species, Stauroneis maunakeiiensis was discovered. Sat, 01 Apr 1978 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1433 1978-04-01T00:00:00Z Massey, Jane E http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1432 Rhizosolenia matuyamai, a stratigraphically useful new diatom from the Pleistocene of the north Pacific is described. A detailed paleomagnetic and biostratigraphic study of three deep-sea cores from the north Pacific and Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) site 173 indicate that this species ranges consistently from just below the Jaramillo magnetic event to the lower part of the Jaramillo. Sat, 01 Apr 1978 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1432 1978-04-01T00:00:00Z Burckle, LH; Hammond, SR; Seyb, Stefan M http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1431 The reproductive behavior of five Hawaiian coral reef fishes are described for the first time: an angelfish (Pomacanthidae), three butterflyfishes (Chaetodon fremblii, C. multicinctus, C. unimaculatus), and a goatfish (Parupeneus multifasciatus). The angelfish, Centropyge potteri, was examined in detail. It was determined that every month from December until May it spawns each evening during the week preceding a full moon. On extensive coral reefs C. potteri occurs mostly in pairs, whereas on patch reefs a single male may control access to several females. Thus, males on patch reefs seem to enjoy greater reproductive success than males on extensive reefs. The advantages potentially associated with spawning synchronized at dusk between the first quarter and full moon primarily involve reduced mortality of offspring. The annual reproductive period, which is shared by several other Hawaiian shore fishes, is correlated with a semiannual shift in ocean currents that may retain larvae in the vicinity of the Hawaiian reefs at that time. Sat, 01 Apr 1978 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1431 1978-04-01T00:00:00Z Lobel, Phil S http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1430 In September 1975, 5031 sea cucumbers (Holothuria atra Jager) were tagged with tetracycline and returned to a gutter on the seaward reef bench of Ananij Island, Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands. A sample of 184 individuals was collected in September 1976. Animals were dissected and plates of the calcareous ring were examined with ultraviolet radiation for tetracycline lines. Based on 18 tagged individuals, the Brody-Bertalanffy growth constants are: K = 0.11 and P = 0.89 cm (for interradial plates). Length (L, cm) and weight (W, g) of individuals are related to plate size: L = 36.35P and W = 1950P3, giving maximum size as 32 cm and 1352 g. Length frequency distributions for the population did not change from 1975 to 1976. A preliminary estimate of annual loss is 50 to 70 percent of the total population based on the growth parameters and population size structure. Holothuria atra shows asexual reproduction by transverse fission, which appears to be the major source of recruitment at Ananij rather than from the plankton. Sat, 01 Apr 1978 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1430 1978-04-01T00:00:00Z Ebert, Thomas A http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1429 A new genus, Pulicicochlea, and a new subgenus, Pseudoretusa, have been erected to accommodate Pu. (Pu.) astropyga from the echinoid Astropyga radiata, Pu. (Pu.)fusca from Diadema setosum, Pu. (Pu.) calamaris (the type of the genus) from Echinothrix calamaris, and Pu. (Ps.) faba from E. diadema. The host specificity of these gastropods and their distributions in relation to those of relevant diadematids are shown and discussed. All are external parasites; the species of Pulicicochlea s.s. probably feed on the epithelium of the host's spines and Pu. (Ps.)faba on the host's body fluids. Anatomical information is given for Pu. calamaris and Pu. (Ps.)faba (the only two examined alive), and the relationships of Pulicicochlea with other genera in the family are discussed in this light. It is suggested that the Stiliferidae is not separable from the Eulimidae. Sat, 01 Apr 1978 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1429 1978-04-01T00:00:00Z Ponder, WF; Gooding, RU http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1428 Haploscoloplos elongatus in Bodega Harbor has an aggregated dispersion ,pattern correlated with sediments of relatively large grain size (0.149-0.42 mm). The association between algal cover and the presence of worms is riot significant. The worm's soft, lobate proboscis is adequate for direct-deposit feeding and is not involved in burrowing. The prostomium is essential in formation of the penetration anchor and is used for enlargement of the burrow. Movement through the substratum is by retrograde waves by which the worm may move forward or backward. Sat, 01 Apr 1978 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1428 1978-04-01T00:00:00Z Parkinson, George T http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1427 The biomass distribution of the three most common species of Gelidiales on three reefs of Oa'hu was found to form zones parallel to the shore correlated with the changing values of light intensity and water movement. Pterocladia caerulescens was restricted to the nearshore margin of reefs, tolerating intermediate intensities of water movement and some 30 to 100 percent of the incident light. Gelidiella acerosa occurred on the central part of the reefs, and while having similar light tolerances had a lower water movement optimum. Toward the seaward edge of the reef P. capillacea was restricted to areas with high water movement and much lower incident light (down to 6 percent). Thallus size and horizontal distribution of the two species of Pterocladia and biomass of all-three species had a seasonal cycle with a maximum during December and a minium in May. All the biological cycles correlated significantly with seasonal changes in light intensity and water movement but did not relate to the seasonal changes of water temperature and salinity. Laboratory experiments tested: the' effects of five single factors and nine types of interactions on the growth and bleaching of the three species of Gelidiales. Results indicate that water movement and light intensity are indeed the factors regulating growth and bleaching of these algae in the field. Salinity and temperature attained statistically significant effects only at values exceeding those found in the field. In all experiments water enrichment compensated for water movement as all three species attained maximum growth at comparatively lower water movement intensities when grown in fertilizer-enriched media. The enhancement of diffusion resulting in the laboratory from higher water movement, frequent water renewal or greater enrichment counteracted the bleaching effects of high light intensity and high temperature. This multiple interaction seems to have major ecological influence regulating pigment concentration, growth rate, and distribution of Hawaiian Gelidiales. Sat, 01 Apr 1978 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1427 1978-04-01T00:00:00Z Santelices, B http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1426 Located on a main typhoon corridor, Guam receives approximately one tropical cyclone per year. Typhoon Pamela, Guam's third most intense typhoon of this century, generated 8-meter waves, but these had little direct effect on Guam's coral reefs, even on the exposed northern and eastern sides of the island. Damage to the reefs was isolated and in the form of breakage due to extraneous material being worked over the reef by the surf and surge. These findings are contrasted with reports of typhoon-induced, large-scale reef destruction, mostly from areas off the major storm tracks. Guam's reef formations have developed in a way that enables them to withstand intense wave assault. Pamela caused significant modification of Guam's northern and eastern beaches, however. Most vegetation was removed to an elevation of 3 to 4 meters above mean lower low water, and the beach profiles were reduced from pretyphoon 8°-5° slopes to 3°-5° slopes through the transport of sand seaward. The first stage of recovery is the retreat and steepening of the lower beach. Longshore transport of sand during the typhoon yielded net erosion or deposition of up to 25 m3 per meter of beach face. The maximum height of the wave surges along the coast was linearly related to the width of reef flat and beach traversed. A 1-meter drop in maximum surge height per 115 meters of distance traversed with an initial potential head of 9 meters is indicated. Sat, 01 Apr 1978 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1426 1978-04-01T00:00:00Z Ogg, James G; Koslow, J Anthony http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1425 Sat, 01 Apr 1978 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1425 1978-04-01T00:00:00Z