http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu:80 The ScholarSpace digital repository system captures, stores, indexes, preserves, and distributes digital research material. 2012-02-09T11:41:40Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/151 Antioxidant Potential of Seven Myrtaceous Fruits Reynertson, Kurt A.; Basile, Margaret J.; Kennelly, Edward J. Many fruits of the Myrtaceae have a rich history of use both as edibles and as traditional medicines in divergent ethnobotanical practices throughout the tropical and subtropical world. From South America to Southeast Asia, these fruits have been used for a wide variety of ailments, including cough, diabetes, dysentery, inflammation and ringworm. These same fruits are also used to make many food products. Based on information regarding ethnomedical use, known phytochemistry, fruit color, popularity as edibles and availability, the fruits of several edible species from the subtribe Eugeniinae have been selected for phytochemical analysis in an attempt to discover new antioxidants. The fruits of six species in this group have shown a strong antioxidant activity in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhy-drazyl chemical assay. The UV absorbance spectrum of the most active compound in Eugenia uniflora L. indicates that it is a flavonoid. Polyphenolic compounds like flavonoids have an enormous range of biological activity and are known to inhibit oxidative damage in vivo better than the classical vitamin antioxidants. In plants, they protect against lipid peroxidation and UV damage that can affect tropical fruits growing under severe conditions including high heat and intense sunlight. 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/6838 College of Engineering centennial history, 1908-2008 University of Hawaii at Manoa. College of Engineering http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1523 Pacific Rim Russian Librarianship: Forgotten Collectors for the Hoover Institution on Manchuria Polansky, Patricia Collecting efforts by the Hoover Institution among Russian émigrés in China is a little-known story, told in this article through the biographies of Harold H. Fisher, Elena A. Varneck, Ivan I. Serebrennikov, and Robert V. Smith. The collection of documents, diaries, reports, books, and periodicals focuses on two broad topics: the Russian civil war in Siberia and the Far East, and the history of the Chinese Eastern Railway. The problems involved in collecting materials connected to events that recently occurred largely centered around money (especially the lack of it) and trying to decide whose materials were the most valuable. 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21942 Southeast Asia nuclear-weapon-free zone and the nuclear-weapon states Crail, Peter; Liang, Xiaodon Following a decade-long impasse, the Southeast Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone is finally on a path to being endorsed by the world’s five recognized nuclear-weapon states—China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Peter Crail, Nonproliferation Analyst at the Arms Control Association, and Xiaodon Liang, former Research Assistant at the Arms Control Association, explain that agreement by these nuclear powers to respect the prohibition of nuclear weapons in Southeast Asia and to provide legal assurances that they will not use such weapons against zone members helps to strengthen the commitment by regional states not to pursue nuclear weapons, and contributes more broadly to global nonproliferation and disarmament efforts. For more about the East-West Center, see <a href="http://www.eastwestcenter.org/">http://www.eastwestcenter.org/</a> 2012-02-07T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21940 Effect of bioaugmentation and diesel fuel type on soil bioremediation Chua-Chiaco, Barrie Wu The enhancement of bioremediation by bioaugmentation in soil contaminated with diesel fuel No. 2 and No. 6 (Bunker C) is uncertain. A clayey soil was contaminated with 6,000 mg of either diesel fuel per kg of soil and seeded (5 x 10-7 cells/g of soil) with a Hawaii soil bacterium (UH138) known to utilize several hydrocarbons. The soil was limed, fertilized, and incubated in jars at 30°C for several months. The concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in soil were measured by gravimetry and immunoassay, respectively. Poisoned controls (0.6% HgCl2) were used to determine the extent of hydrocarbon degradation due to microbial activity. A rapid first order biodegradation of TPH (84% in 23 days) occurred in soil contaminated with diesel fuel No. 2, regardless of bacterial seeding. Biodegradation of PAH was linear and reached 84% by day 98 in both seeded and unseeded treatments. Bioaugmentation had no effect on bioremediation of diesel fuel No.2. The decrease in TPH and PAH was paralleled by an increase in populations of total bacteria, phenanthrene-degrading bacteria and microorganisms capable of utilizing hexadecane and diesel fuel No. 2 as well as by an enhancement in CO2 evolution by the soil. Indigenous Zygomycetes grew profusely in diesel fuel No. 2 contaminated soil. Cunninghamella echinulata var. echinulata was isolated from the soil and was shown to be able to utilize several hydrocarbons. Thus, Zygomycetes may have contributed to the rapid decrease in contaminant. In soil contaminated with diesel fuel No. 6, the measurements of TPH and PAH were more variable due to the uneven distribution of the product. No biodegradation of the contaminant occurred over a period of 138 days. The growth of Zygomycetes was scant. The counts of total bacteria remained unchanged after the addition of diesel fuel No. 6. However, counts of the indigenous phenanthrene-degrading bacteria increases dramatically ( 4 log units) during the first 54 days whereas the level of the seeded bacteria remained stable. The counts of mineral oil degraders decrease by 2 log units after day 2. Co2 evolution from the soil confirmed that diesel fuel No. 6 was not degraded by either the indigenous microflora or the seeded bacterium. Thus, diesel fuel No. 2 was highly degradable by the indigenous population, however, diesel fuel No. 6 was recalcitrant. Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1998.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-117).; Available also on microfiche. 1998-08-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21939 Do Fecal Indicator Bacteria Multiply in the Soil Environments of Hawaii? Fujioka, Roger S.; Byappanahalli, Muruleedhara N 1998-04-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21938 Kailua Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant Disinfection Facility-Pilot Study Fujioka, Roger S.; Asahina, Audrey.; Moreland, Victor.; Unutoa, Tuamasaga 1998-03-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21937 Collaborative National Study Using Molecular Techniques to Detect Hepatitis A Virus, and Virulence Factor Genes in E. Coli: Hawaii Matching Study Fujioka, Roger S.; Roll, Bruce M.; Bonilla, Alfred J 1997-11-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21936 Vulnerability to Pathogens: Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Study Fujioka, Roger S.; Yoneyama, Bunnie S 1997-10-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21935 Schofield Barracks Wastewater Treatment Plant Process Control Program: Quarterly Progress Report No. 3 Lam, Collins.; Lopez, G Dennis.; Murakami, Cey.; Lin, Qing.; Lin, Ann Bin.; Babcock, Roger 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21934 Integrating an Intermittent Aerator for a Swine Wastewater Treatment System Wang, Zhiyu Integrating an intermittent aeration for the treatment of combined dilute and anaerobic digested swine wastewater in a field swine wastewater treatment system was investigated. Four operations models in term of ratio of aeration to no-aeration of 60:36, 5:1, 4:2 and 3:3 hour were evaluated. At the HRT of 3.2 days and ration of aeration to non-aeration of 3:3, the removal efficiency of BOD5, Total-N, TSS and Total-P of 98.0%, 92.4%, 95.6% and 59.4% could be achieved, respectively. The effluent quality of BOD5, NO3ˉ–N, NH4+–N and TSS concentrations were 35±12mg/l, 2.6±0.8 mg/l, 36±28 mg/l and 78±13 mg/l, respectively. The operational criteria were developed for integrating the intermittent aeration in the swine wastewater treatment system (including anaerobic reactors and sedimentation unit). Economical evaluation of the swine wastewater treatment system integrating the intermittent aeration unit was conducted. It was found that break even point was the operation of 166 pigs if the biogas and stabilized sludge were utilized. If the byproducts were not utilized, the cost of the treatment system are $12.30, $7.92, $7.21, $7.06 and $6.09 for the operation of 300, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 5000 pigs per year, respectively. Integrating the intermittent aeration unit in the swine waste treatment system provides the effective odor control, reduction of energy cost and treated wastewater reuse without creating the deterioration of environmental quality. Thesis (M. S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1997.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 172-180).UHM: Has both book and microform. 1997-05-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21933 Assessment of Nitrogen and Microbial Contributions of Waimanalo "Beach Lot" Cesspool Systems to Groundwater Hoover, Daniel J.; Unutoa, Tua M 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21932 Modeling of virus transport in the subsurface, southern Oahu, Hawaii Orr, Shlomo.; Li, Jing In this study, the potential is evaluated for viral contamination of groundwater in the southern Oahu aquifer, Hawaii, due to irrigation of sugarcane with effluent from secondary treatment plants. An EPA numerical model, CANVAS, has been modified and applied to simulate virus transport and its distribution in the subsurface of several sugarcane fields near the Pearl Harbor area. By incorporating the model with Monte Carlo simulations, the uncertainties and heterogeneity of the subsurface could be accounted for to some degree. The simulations show that due to natural disinfection provided by the geological and hydrological conditions in the testing fields, there is very low probability that viruses transported from irrigated fields by recharge water will reach drinking-water wells, although the virus concentration at the water table beneath the sugarcane fields is higher than a given criterion, 2 × 10-7 PFU/I. This is mainly due to the large backup distance between the wells and the virus sources, which allows viruses to die off before they reach the wells. The study suggests that a reasonably long setback distance is necessary for the areas where the thickness of soil is not large enough to allow all viruses to die off before they reach the water table or drinking water wells. In addition, care must be taken when the temperature in the subsurface is not high enough to assist the disinfection process 1997-02-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21931 Schofield Barracks Wastewater Treatment Plant Process Control Program: Quarterly Progress Report No. 2 Lam, Collins.; Lopez, G Dennis.; Murakami, Cey.; Lin, Qing.; Lin, Ann Bin.; Babcock, Roger The objectives of this project are to evaluate operations, make recommendations, and train personnel at the Schofield Barracks Wastewater Treatment Plant (SBWWTP) for the purpose of improving the operating efficiency of the plant. There are several tasks associated with this study, including (1) implementing a process monitoring program, (2) determining the treatment capacities, (3) developing process control strategies, (4) providing technical guidance, (5) review/update operations and maintenance manual, and (6) conducting mini-studies. Like the first progress report, this second quarterly progress report contains a brief summary of the more important findings obtained thus far and descriptions of in-progress efforts. In the first report it was stated that all of the in-plant flow meters were in serious need of calibration and this was an impediment to progress. We are pleased to report that this is no longer the case. At approximately the beginning of September, all of the in-plant flow meters were apparently calibrated. This has allowed us to make increased progress on Task 2. Since the first quarterly progress report we have continued to collect and analyze a large quantity of samples from the treatment plant in order to characterize all process streams (Task 1). In this report, these data are presented and summary calculations of treatment efficiency have been prepared for primary clarification, activated sludge, secondary clarification, and dissolved air flotation thickening (DAFT). We have also been able to prepare preliminary solids balances for the entire plant under current conditions and under more desirable conditions (smaller sludge wasting rate and higher efficiency DAFT operation). Based upon the results of process monitoring efforts, planning and/or implementation of several mini-studies have been initiated as in-progress efforts (Task 6) including: a DAFT performance study, an anoxic selector study, a bioaugmentation study, and an activated sludge stress test. We should have results from these studies for the next progress report. Specific goals for the third quarter of this project include: 1. Training operations personnel to conduct chemical oxygen demand (COD) and Oil and Grease (O&G) tests (Task 4). 2. Complete preliminary estimates of treatment capacity of each process area (Task 2). 3. Develop process control strategies for certain process areas including preliminary and primary treatment processes (Task 3). 4. Make significant progress on already-initiated mini studies. 5. Continue to review the facility to operation and maintenance manual (Task 5). 1996-10-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21930 Schofield Barracks Wastewater Treatment Plant Process Control Program: Quarterly Progress Report No. 1 Lam, Collins.; Lopez, G Dennis.; Murakami, Cey.; Lin, Qing.; Lin, Ann Bin.; Babcock, Roger The overall objectives of this project are to evaluate operations, make recommendations, and train personnel at the Schofield Barracks Wastewater Treatment Plant (SVWWTP) for the purpose of improving the operating efficiency of the plant. The main tasks associated with this study are as follows: 1. Implement a process monitoring program (including sample collection and analysis) for liquid stream, solids stream and generated side streams in order to characterize all process streams and determine efficiencies and deficiencies. 2. Determine projected treatment capacities of each process area under existing conditions and with potential improvements. 3. Identify and develop process control strategies for each process area and incorporate into a facility process control strategy manual. 4. Provide technical guidance and training to the operations and support personnel for the treatment facility as requested by and in cooperation with the Army. 5. Review and update the facility Operations and Maintenance (O&M) Manual as required to improve its usefulness to operations personnel. This first quarterly progress report contains a brief summary of the more important findings obtained thus far as well as descriptions of in-progress efforts. To date, considerable effort has been expended toward task (1) above through collection and analysis of samples from the SBWWTP. Efforts have begun on tasks 2, 3, 4, and 5. The only current progress impediment is in regard to the need for accurate data from all plant flow meters. Currently, many of the flow meters provide questionable values and are in serious need of calibration. We cannot complete the determination of projected treatment capacities or recommended process control strategies without accurate flow data. The extensive data collection that we have initiated has enabled us to get a reasonable picture of how the SBWWTP performs under existing conditions and to begin determining process efficiencies/deficiencies (Task 2, above). The data indicate some flow splitting problems (primary clarifiers and secondary clarifiers), and a solids process stream limitation. The data also indicate that the primary clarifiers function relatively well, that the activated sludge process functions well and achieves complete nitrification despite a fairly serious bulking problem, that there may be a problem with how effluent biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) samples are analyzed, that the anaerobic digester is not achieving acceptable solids stabilization, and that the centrifuge is not achieving optimum sludge dewatering. All of these identified issues are being addressed as in-progress effort. Currently, the SBWWTP is considered to be a Class III treatment plant by the State of Hawaii. This classification was determined in 1980. A current assessment by us determined that the plant should probably be considered a Class IV facility. Estimates of staffing requirements based upon an Environmental Protection Agency procedure found that at least ten personnel are needed at the treatment plant (one supervisor, five operators, two maintenance, one laboratory, and one yardworker). 1996-07-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21929 Assessment of nitrate leaching in the unsaturated zone on Oahu Ling, Ge Groundwater contamination caused by agricultural fertilization is a widely recognized problem. In Hawaii, nitrogen fertilization from pineapple and sugarcane fields has posed a threat to several basal aquifers and has been implicated in coastal algae blooms. The concentration of nitrate-N in the Pearl Harbor basin on the island of Oahu was below 2.3 mg/L in the 1950’s and 1960’s, and has increased to as much as 7.6 mg/L in 1992 to 1994. The objective of this dissertation research is to develop a practical methodology for realistically estimating nitrate leaching from fertilized agricultural lands. Numerous mechanisms have impact on the distribution and migration of nitrate in the soil. Nitrogen fertilizer undergoes many N transformations and interactions with the soil and the plant after applications. In this study, an analysis of soil samples was performed to understand the leaching process of nitrate in the root zone of three different cropped fields in Hawaii. A detailed discussion is given to address various factors which control the nitrate transport process. To judge the sampling plan in relation to spatial variation, the field measurements were evaluated statistically by an uncertainty index, which is represented as the density of samples required for the estimate of sample mean of the nitrate concentration to fall within a defined limit of accuracy. In order to predict the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the groundwater contamination with very limited input data, a simple, analytical, lumped parameter model (LPM), was developed. The model can estimate the average nitrate leaching from the root zone in response to agricultural practices, N transformations and other related processes. The model was tested against the field data and two detailed numerical models, LEACHM-N and CERES-Maize. It provides an alternative way to assess nitrate leaching from the root zone with acceptable accuracy. A listing of the program is provided in Appendix 2. Owing to the complex nature of nitrogen behavior in the unsaturated zone, some degree of uncertainty is involved in the development of modeling approaches. In this study, five major sources of uncertainty were identified. These are: uncertainty due to spatial variation, uncertainty related to the accuracy of the input data, uncertainty due to simplifications in the development of the models, uncertainty due to the modeling parameters, and uncertainty due to the complexity of the unsaturated zone in Hawaii. The impact of these uncertainties on simulation results is evaluated. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1996.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 202-215).; UHM: Has both book and microform. 1996-12-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21928 Assessment of Nutrient Use and Nitrate Contamination in Central Oahu, Hawaii El-Kadi, Aly I.; Yabusaki, Keith Groundwater contamination by agricultural fertilization is a widely recognized problem in the USA and worldwide. Here in Hawaii, agricultural fields have posed a threat to the invaluable basal aquifer. The concentration of nitrate-N in the Pearl Harbor aquifer on Oahu was below 2.3 mg/L in the 1950’s and 1960’s, but has increased in some wells in the Kunia area to a maximum of 7.6 mg/L in 1992 to 1994. The objective of this study is to assess nitrogen use in the agricultural lands and nitrate contamination in the Pearl Harbor aquifer. Nitrate distribution and migration in the subsurface are influenced by many mechanisms. Nitrogen fertilizer undergoes many N transformations and interactions with the soil and the plant after applications. In this study, a field data collection was done and analysis of the samples was completed to understand the leaching process of nitrate in the root zone of three different cropped fields. A detailed discussion is presented to address various factors that control the transport process. Field measurements were evaluated statistically to judge the sampling plan in relation to spatial variations. The study uses an uncertainty index in the analysis, which is the density of samples required for a sample mean to fall within a defined limit of accuracy. To simplify the process of estimating leaching rates to the aquifer, a simple lumped parameter model (LPM) was developed. The model, which is analytical in nature, uses a limited set of input data. Average leaching rates can be estimated in response to agricultural practices, N transformations, and other processes. The model is tested against two detailed numerical models with great success. The model will be made available for interested parties for use in assessing the potential threat to aquifers. Various types of uncertainties affect our ability to predict nitrate fate accurately. Five major sources of uncertainty were identified in this study: (1) uncertainty due to spatial variation, (2) uncertainty related to the accuracy of the input data, (3) uncertainty due to simplifications in the development of the models, (4) uncertainty due to modeling parameters, and (5) uncertainty due to the complexity of the unsaturated zone in Hawaii. The impact of these uncertainties on the simulations of nitrate leaching is evaluated and a sensitivity analysis was done to quantify the uncertainty due to the modeling parameters in a leaching model. The result showed that hydraulic properties, plant uptake, and dispersivity are very important in achieving reliable simulation or prediction. It is recommended that hydraulic conductivity and water retention relationships be measured under field conditions before the use of the model. A historical record of specific plant growth and nutrient assimilation by the plant can provide reasonable data for modeling the plant uptake process. Dispersivity can be obtained by calibration of the model in a specific soil. Although the sensitivity analysis suggests that uncertainty in nitrate adsorption exert a considerable effect on nitrate transport results, anion adsorption is not a principal factor that affects nitrate leaching in the root zone. The relatively high content of organic matter in the root zone may favor a net negative surface charge on soil colloids, which contributes to the leachability of negatively charged nitrate. In contrast however, retardation of nitrate plays a dominant role in nitrate leaching below the root zone in central Oahu. Only a small fraction of the nitrate leaching reaches the groundwater. Although different explanations have been proposed for the sorption process in the thick unsaturated zone in central Oahu, a retardation factor should be considered for interpreting the results of the outflow from the root zone. Nitrate contamination in the Pearl Harbor aquifer was assessed. Quasi three-dimensional models were used to simulate water flow and nitrate transport in the aquifer. The models were calibrated by using available records and used for predictions based on assumed scenarios for water and land use. Future predictions show the likelihood of a nitrate contamination problem. Assumed conservative nitrate concentrations at the water table and a very mild increase in water use resulted in concentrations that exceed the MCL for nitrate of 10 ppm. Nitrate concentration below the agricultural lands is likely to increase with planned land use changes that may require additional fertilizer use. The possibility of changes in the physical or chemical ability of the unsaturated deep formations to store nitrate may also lead to increased leaching rates. A need exists for a better management of fertilizer use, a process that should be possible without sacrificing agricultural productivity. The approaches developed in this study can help in such an endeavor. 1996-12-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21927 Bioremediation Potential of Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soils Under Tropical Conditions Robert, Francoise M Petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in soil may leach to the groundwater and pose a threat to the quality of drinking water in Hawaii. This study was initiated to evaluate the competence of tropical bacteria, indigenous to Hawaii, to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons in soil when environmental factors are optimized to favor the growth of microorganisms. In a first experiment, baseline microbial populations were determined in five soils, then the soil was treated with either fertilizer or fertilizer and 3.000 mg/kg of diesel No. 2 and incubated for 20 days. Heterotrophic bacteria and phenanthrene-degrading bacteria were enumerated on plates, total bacteria were determined by microscopy (acridine-orange counts), and hexadecane-degraders were enumerated by the most-probable-number technique in multi-well plates. The double-layer-phenanthrene plates were modified and phenanthrene-degraders were found in all soils and were stimulated by the addition of diesel and fertilizer. Thus, Hawaii soils harbor microorganisms that can be active in the bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soils. Of the 200 bacteria that were isolated from either the phenanthrene plates of the MPN-hexadecane wells, 70 could utilize as sole carbon source at least one of the following hydrocarbons: hexadecane, diesel, mineral oil, phenanthrene, and pyrene. Most isolates were specialized in their use of hydrocarbons. Of the 32 confirmed Gram-negative bacteria, 26 were identified by the Biolog™ system as belonging to the genera Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, Acinetobacter, ,and Flavobacterium; the other 6 could not be identified. None of the 16 Gram-positive rod-shaped hydrocarbon degraders was indentified by the Biolog™ system. The second experiment was a time-course experiment (124 days) in a chronically contaminated soil (87 ppm of gasoline). This soil (#9) was spiked with 6,000 mg of diesel No. 2/kg, fertilized, and incubated in jars at 30°C and 40°C. The higher temperature was used to simulate the increase in temperature which may occur when bioremediation is conducted in a tent exposed to the sun under tropical conditions. Three rapid techniques (less expensive than gas chromatography) were evaluated to monitor the disappearance of hydrocarbons: gravimetry of a hexane extract to measure total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), an immunoassay to determine the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and the Microtox™ assay to determine soil toxicity, The concentration of TPH and PAH decreased rapidly during the first month (25 and 10% left, respectively) and then declined very slowly in soil containing active microorganisms. Soil toxicity decreased with time. Similar results were obtained at 30°C and 40°C. The concentrations changed little in soil where the microorganisms had been killed with 0.5% HgCl2. CO2 evolution by the soil confirmed the growth of microorganisms in diesel No. 2. Determination of TPH by gravimetry and of PAH by immunoassay were more rapid, informative, and cost-efficient methods than the Microtox™ assay. Bacterial counts increased during the first 40 days, then remained stationary (total bacteria) or decreased (hydrocarbon degraders). In the third experiment, the possible enhancement of bioremediation of soil contaminated with diesel No. 2 and No. 6 (Bunker C) by inoculation with a versatile hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium (138) was examined. A clayey soil was contaminated with 6,000 mg/kg of either diesel fuel, limed, fertilized, seeded or not with bacterium 138, limed, fertilized, and incubated in jars at 30°C for 138 days. Poisoned controls (0.6% HgCl2) were used to determine the extent of hydrocarbon degradation due to microbial activity. A rapid biodegradation of TPH (75% in 14 days) occurred in soil contaminated with diesel No. 2, regardless of bacterial seeding. Biodegradation of PAH was more gradual but reached 90% by day 98 in both seeded and unseeded treatments. Inoculation (5 x 10^7 bacteria/g of soil) increased the counts of phenanthrene-degrading bacteria and of microorganisms capable of utilizing hexadecane and diesel No. 2. The counts of total bacteria and CO2 evolution were not increased by seeding. In soil contaminated with diesel No. 6, the measurements of TPH and PAH were more variable due to the uneven distribution of the product. The extent of the bioremediation of diesel No. 6 in this soil is unclear from these measurements. The counts of total bacteria remained unchanged after the addition of diesel No. 6. However the counts of the indigenous phenanthrene-degrading bacteria increased dramatically (4 log units) during the first 54 days whereas the level of the seeded bacteria remained stable. The counts of mineral oil degraders decreased steadily possibly due to the toxicity of diesel No. 6. A small effect of seeding was visible (54 to 138 days) in the amount of CO2 evolved by the soil contaminated with diesel No. 6. In conclusion, diesel No. 2 was readily degraded by soil microorganisms while diesel No. 6 was more refractory. In this soil and with the Gram-positive bacterium we used there was no detectable effect of inoculation on the extent of bioremediation. Other soils and inoculants should be examined before definitive conclusions can be drawn. 1996-12-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21926 Subsurface geology and hydrogeology of downtown Honolulu with engineering and environmental implications Finstick, Sure Ann The construction of high-rise buildings and other engineering structures in the downtown Honolulu area requires detailed site investigations prior to design and construction. This includes soil borings, environmental assessments, and groundwater measurements. As a result, much data on the subsurface geology of downtown Honolulu exists, but it is spread among individual consulting firms and various government agencies. The purpose of this study is to compile the existing data and interpret the subsurface geology, engineering geology, hydrogeology, and environmental problems within the study area. This study commenced with collecting and interpreting 2,276 soil boring logs from consulting firms in Honolulu, along with the Groundwater Index database and evironmental databases from the State of Hawaii. The subsurface materials are classified into nine categories: fill, lagoonal (low-energy) deposits, alluvial deposits, coralline debris, coral ledges, cinders, tuff, basalt, and residual soil or weathered volcanics. The study area is divided into 157 quadrangles (1000' X 1000'). The subsurface conditions within each quad are described in detail, and nine cross-sections are presented for further clarification of the subsurface geology. Foundation bearing layers and buried alluvial channels are mapped. Environmental problems and groundwater data are summarized in the form of tables and maps. The coral ledges, tuff, and basalt are the most suitable foundation bearing layers within the caprock, The coral ledges, coralline debris, coarse-grained lagoonal sediments, and cinder sands are characterized by higher hydraulic conductivites than the other materials that comprise the caprock. However, the caprock as a whole is characterized by much lower hydraulic conductivites than the underlying Koolau basalt that is the main aquifer for the island. The caprock groundwater is brackish, non-potable, and highly vulnerable to cantamination. Petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals from leaking underground storage tanks are the primary soil and groundwater contaminants. Caprock groundwater is generally found within ±5 feet of sea level. Dewatering is often necessary at sites involving the construction of basements. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1996.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 304-311).; UHM: Has both book and microform. 1996-05-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21925 A Report of the Necropsy and Liver Histopathology Findings for Fish Sampled from the Control Station in Maunalua Bay and the Sand Island Outfall Brock, James A 1996-09-01T00:00:00Z