http://hdl.handle.net/10125/317 The Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit has a thirty-four year history of working to protect cultural and natural biodiversity in the Pacific while encouraging a sustainable economy. http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/retrieve/1244 http://hdl.handle.net/10125/317 Search the Channel search http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/simple-search http://hdl.handle.net/10125/8881 Title: Bocconia frutescens distribution on the Island of Hawai`i<br/><br/>Author(s): Benitez, David M; Saulibio, David<br/><br/>Abstract: Bocconia frutescens, or plume poppy, is a large erect shrub listed as a noxious weed by the State of Hawai`i. Surveying was conducted in 2003 to document the distribution and population densities in Wood Valley (Ka`ū District), Honomolino and Manukā (South Kona District). Ground surveying was conducted along 80 transects in addition to roadside and aerial surveying. Bocconia was distributed across 1,522 ha in Wood Valley, 82 ha in Honomolino, and 34 ha in Manukā. Bocconia was a severe pest within young (5 to 10-m tall) Eucalyptus plantations in Wood Valley, with fruiting individuals observed in all sampled parcels. Lower plant densities were observed in interiors of mature Eucalyptus forest adjacent to severely infested plantations, principally in gaps and streambeds, suggesting an affinity for high light levels and soil disturbance. Cane lands harbored mature Bocconia, although at a much lower density than Eucalyptus plantations, with less than 100 individuals/ha versus greater than 500 individuals/ha. Higher densities were observed along roadsides within cane lands. Bocconia was not observed within native, closed-canopy `ōhi`a and koa forests in the adjacent Ka`ū Forest Reserve, except along one jeep trail. Bocconia populations in Honomolino occur in a mosaic of habitats including rangelands, `ōhi`a forest and woodlands and residential areas. Bocconia at Manukā occurs primarily in `ōhi`a-dominated native mesic forest.<br/><br/>Description: Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/7625 Title: Proceedings of workshop on biological control of native ecosystems in Hawai’i<br/><br/>Author(s): Smith, Clifford W; Denslow, Julie; Hight, Stephen<br/><br/>Abstract: The importation of alien insects and pathogens to control invasive alien weeds raises justifiable concern among land managers and conservationists. For the Hawaiian archipelago the dangers are particularly acute. Hawai'i has many endemic species, a substantial percentage of which are at risk of extinction. Over 900 nonindigenous plant species have become naturalized in Hawai'i, more than 90 of which constitute substantial problems for conservation because they compete with native species or so alter ecosystem processes that whole communities are changed). There are good reasons for caution in the use of alien insects and pathogens as control agents for invasive weeds. Nevertheless biological control offers one of the most cost-effective and enduring mechanisms for the control of persistent weeds that have become widely invasive in natural habitats. Chemical and mechanical approaches to the control of weed populations require perpetual maintenance, may inflict unwanted side effects on nontarget species and communities and are of limited use in large diverse ecosystems. Extensive infestations in poorly accessible terrain require considerable long-term investment in personnel and resources, expenditures that may be difficult to justify when short-term economic returns are not apparent. Biological control offers the possibility for control (rarely eradication) of invasive weeds over extensive acreage and inaccessible terrain in perpetuity Clearly the challenge to the community of scientists and managers seeking to use biological control agents in Hawaii is to make the most efficient use of limited space, personnel, and financial resources in bringing the safest yet most effective insect and pathogen agents on line. The most productive research strategies for meeting that goal was the topic of the 2000 Conservation Forum of the Hawai'i Secretariat for Conservation Biology: Biological Control of Invasive Plants in Native Hawaiian Ecosystems.<br/><br/>Description: Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/7397 Title: Life history characteristics of the native Hawaiian stream snail Neritina granosa (hihiwai)<br/><br/>Author(s): Brasher, Anne M<br/><br/>Abstract: Waikolu Stream is notable for supporting a large population of the relatively uncommon native Hawaiian stream snail, hihiwai (Neritina granosa). Because hihiwai are easier to identify, collect and measure than gobies (typically used in stream evaluation surveys in Hawai'i), they are especially amenable to monitoring programs, and the habitat requirements of hihiwai make them a good indicator of water quality. The methods presented in this report provide techniques for monitoring population density and distribution of hihiwai, and the important life stages of reproduction and recruitment (post-larvae returning from the ocean to the stream). During this study, sampling stations were surveyed every other month for a period of two years. This baseline data can be used for comparison with future surveys to monitor the condition of Waikolu Stream and to evaluate the impact of any future changes to the stream system. The number of hihiwai found at each station during the baseline surveys showed wide variation, but the mean number of snails was consistent between seasons and over the two-year monitoring period. Snail densities recorded in and above the areas affected by water diversion were dramatically lower than in the lower stream reaches. Areas of the stream between the lower and upper dam were often completely dry during sampling periods. Even when water was allowed to flow through this area, snails were rarely present. In addition to not providing suitable habitat, a completely dry stream prevents both downstream dispersal by larvae and upstream migration by post-larvae (spat) and juveniles. In the very highest elevation stations, no snails less than 25 mm were observed. This is most likely a remnant/isolated group of snails; the few snails that made it past the diverted area during a time when water was allowed to flow have settled here. Restoration of continuous water flows would presumably allow for recolonization of this area. Egg production showed both seasonal and yearly variation. Peaks in reproduction occurred during the late fall, late spring and summer. Reproduction was higher the first year than the second and both years showed little egg production in January. Recruitment occurs throughout the year, with the largest event in May and a second major recruitment in November. The majority of all adult snails tagged during the first study were found within 30 meters upstream or downstream of release, suggesting that once snails settle out, they stay in that area. This illustrates the importance of continually flowing water, since once the hihiwai settle they are unlikely to begin an additional upstream migration, even if there is flow in a previously dry area. The younger, smaller hihiwai tagged in the second study showed much more rapid upstream movement than snails in the first. Hihiwai in the second tagging study also grew more rapidly than the older, larger snails in the first tagging study, and during the second study the 11 mm and 12 mm snails grew more rapidly than the 13 mm snails. The population monitoring data suggest that hihiwai grow rapidly when returning to the stream (reaching 9 mm in a few months). If snails are then growing 1 to 3 mm a year after they reach 9 mm, with growth slowing as they age, as suggested by both of the tagging studies, hihiwai life span could be estimated to be 6 to 10 years. The tagging studies show that snails do not move very fast or very far once they have settled out, making it difficult for them to pass barriers of dry stream during either floods or brief periods of increased water flows. During periods when water was present in the stream area between Stations 2640 and 3217, fish moved immediately into these areas (personal observation), while snails rarely did. It appears that prolonged periods of continuous flow are necessary for hihiwai to be able to migrate through periodically dewatered sections of a stream.<br/><br/>Description: Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/7396 Title: Biological and water quality characteristics of anchialine resources in Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park<br/><br/>Author(s): Brock, Richard E; Kam, Alan K H<br/><br/>Abstract: This study was undertaken to examine the status of biological and water quality resources in the anchialine pools, fishponds and nearshore marine waters of the Kaloko-Honokohau National Historic Park (KAHO) over a 3-year period. The study identified 82 anchialine pools and pool complexes in and adjacent to the present Park boundaries. Routine monitoring of water quality and biota was carried out in 16 anchialine pool, 8 fishpond, 10 marine and 3 coastal well sample sites. Water chemistry studies show that the water quality in the ground, anchialine, fishpond and nearshore marine waters fronting the KAHO are typical of the West Hawaii coast. Presently, there is no evidence of water pollution from anthropogenic sources in this system using the limits of detection available to this study. However the status of native anchialine species in the pools of the KAHO is poor. Sixty-four pools were examined within the Park's boundaries. Only 21 or 33% of these pools contained the most common and characteristic anchialine species the opae'ula or Halocaridina rubra and only 10 or 16% of these ponds was this species consistently present during daylight hours. In contrast, a study carried out in 1972 of some of these same pools noted that 75% contained the usual array of anchialine species including H. rubra. Concurrent with the decrease in native anchialine species has been the increase and spread of alien fish (primarily guppies, Poecilia reticualta) in these ponds. The alien fish are predators on several key anchialine species including the opae'ula. Halocaridina rubra is a keystone herbivorous species in Hawaiian anchialine systems, maintaining the ecological balance in the benthic communities. Its removal often leads to dramatic shifts in the benthic communities, which become dominated by a few macroalgal species and resulting in a decrease in the diversity of species in the system. The study recommends that an active management program be initiated to (1) promote a strong education program and permit limited cultural use, (2) protect existing "high value" pools and (3) undertake a pool restoration program. The restoration program would have the following elements: (1) curtail the spread of alien fish, (2) remove alien fish from selected pools, (3) restore the physical features of some pools by the removal of alien vegetation and accumulated sediments due to the input of leaf litter, (4) develop new anchialine pools in presently disturbed (bulldozed a'a) habitat but well-removed from the alien fish threat, (5) undertake the acquisition of additional anchialine resources presently outside of the Park's boundaries and (6) establish a monitoring program to insure that the management program meets its objectives. Anchialine resources in the US are only located in the Hawaiian Islands and the majority of these are along the West Hawaii coastline. Recent ecological work on the West Hawaii anchialine pools suggests that in excess of 95% of the resource has been contaminated by the invasion of alien fish. The spread of these exotics has occurred in the last 20 years. The KAHO is one of the few national parks where anchialine resources can be protected and viewed by the public. This fact in itself should be enough of an impetus to initiate a strong program to halt and reverse the loss of these precious resources. Without such a proactive approach, anchialine resources will probably disappear within the next two decades.<br/><br/>Description: Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/7368 Title: Study and management of the alien invasive tree Miconia calvescens DC. (Melastomataceae) in the Islands of Raiatea and Tahaa (Society Islands, French Polynesia): 1992-1996<br/><br/>Author(s): Meyer, Jean-Yves; Malet, Jean-Pierre<br/><br/>Abstract: Priorities for control of alien invasive plant species in natural areas are based on the severity of threat, the ecological value of the invaded area, management possibilities, and available human resources. Miconia calvescens DC. (Melastomataceae), a small tree native to Tropical America and introduced to Tahiti (Society Islands, Windward Group) as an ornamental in 1937, has escaped from cultivation and is presently established on over 65% of this island (ca. 70,000 ha) and about 10% of the neighboring island of Moorea (ca. 1,200 ha). This alien species forms dense stands which replace the native forests with dramatic reduction of biological diversity. M. calvescens was legally declared a "noxious species" in 1990 and is perceived as one of the most important ecological problems in French Polynesia. In 1992, its physical control on the islands of Raiatea and Tahaa (Society Islands, Leeward Group) which are in an early stage of invasion (242 ha and 2 ha respectively, & less than 2% of the surface invaded) appeared to be feasible. A total of ca. 645,000 plants including ca. 600 reproductive trees were removed on Raiatea during 4 years of extensive control efforts (manual removal and chemical treatment) coordinated by the Service du Developpement Rural, and with the help of thousands of volunteers (schoolchildren, conservation groups, religious groups) and the intervention of the French Army. A small population recently found on Tahaa (ca. 800 plants including one reproductive tree) was eliminated in 1995. Research studies on M. calvescens populations were conducted in 6 permanent plots set up on Raiatea in 1992: distribution and population structure were evaluated before the control; number of removed individuals per maturation class was counted during the control; recruitment from seeds and vegetative growth were studied after the control; age of first reproduction and soil seed bank dynamics were surveyed. Results of post-control monitoring give relevant information on the life cycle of M. calvescens, especially the beginning stage of invasion: massive recruitment of seedlings occurs for at least 6 months after the control; maximum growth rate under favorable conditions can reach 1.5 m/yr in height and 1.8 cm/yr in DBH; seeds in soil samples were still viable after 4 years, and age of first reproduction was not attained. These data are particularly useful for defining an appropriate control frequency until final eradication. Problems of reinvasion from isolated plants which escape control and fruit, and colonization by other alien species after control highlighted the necessity of a long-term monitoring program. Future success will depend on prevention, detection, early control, and last but not the least strong motivation.<br/><br/>Description: Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/7366 Title: Ka'uhako Crater botanical resource and threat monitoring, Kalaupapa National Historical Park, Island of Moloka'i, Hawai'i<br/><br/>Author(s): Medeiros, A C; Chimera, C G; Loope, L L<br/><br/>Abstract: Botanical monitoring of the remnant dryland forest of Ka'uhako Crater on July 11 - July 14, 1995 grew out of a desire to provide baseline data on the vegetation components of the crater prior to fencing and removal of feral ungulates, primarily axis deer (Axis axis) and feral pigs (Sus scrofa). The exclusion of ungulates, identified as damaging to the crater's native flora in the Kalaupapa National Historical Park Resource Management Plan (NHPRMP) (1994), was proposed in a Draft Environmental Assessment prepared by Larry Katahira (1995) through the construction of two miles of feral animal proof fence outside the crater's rim. Ka'uhako Crater, designated as a Special Ecological Area in the Kalaupapa NHPRMP (1994), contains one of the finest examples of low elevation windward dryland forest remaining on the island of Moloka'i and the entire state of Hawai'i. Although previous botanical surveys have examined the flora of Ka'uhako Crater (Linney 1987; Asherman et al. 1990), none had established any permanent monitoring plots to document the inevitable changes which will follow the removal of browsing herbivores. This system of permanent monitoring was established in 1995 by utilizing the three key native trees of Ka'uhako Crater, Wiliwili (Erythrina), 'Ohe makai (Reynoldsia), and Hala pepe (Pleomele), as the centers of circular cover plots that document every plant taxa on both the ground and in the canopy. Future monitoring and data acquisition in these plots will not only record the transitions in cover composition, but will also help identify potentially damaging alien plants that threaten the recovery of the native components. In addition, vital statistics recorded for a representative sample of each of the three key native trees will provide an overall picture of the health and status of the remnant dryland forest and will help steer management decisions necessary in implementing future restoration processes for these trees and the associated native flora. As part of the monitoring protocol, other threats and potential problems in the preservation of the crater's native flora, from the detrimental effects of the two-spotted leafhopper (Sophonia rufofascia) on native taxa to the lack of seedling recruitment for many of the native species, have been identified, and their implications to the long term survival of the dryland ecosystem have been addressed. Furthermore, future management concerns, such as the increased threat of wildland fire associated with an accumulation in fuel biomass following exclusion of feral ungulates, are predicted to become a greater priority with the passage of time, and, depending upon the future establishment and spread of certain alien grasses, may supersede all other management considerations. Early identification of these and other problems may help managers to address the situations at a stage when response efforts are still practical and feasible.<br/><br/>Description: Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/7364 Title: Rare plants of Naulu Forest and Poliokeawe Pali, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park<br/><br/>Author(s): Abbott, Lyman L; Pratt, Linda W<br/><br/>Abstract: During a 1993-95 survey of Naulu Forest remnants and other kipuka on Holei and Poliokeawe Pali in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, one proposed endangered and one candidate endangered plant species were found and mapped. Sixteen hala pepe (Pleomele hawaiiensis) were observed; seven were small plants, indicating natural regeneration. Forty-six mature 'ahakea (Bobea timonioides) trees were counted; no seedlings were observed. Seven other rare native tree and shrub species were found in the study area. Only two hame (Antidesma pulvinatum) and one kolomona (Senna gaudichaudii) were found on the eastern side of one kipuka (Area I). This is the only Park site known to support hame and one of few sites with kolomona shrubs. Only three 'ohe (Reynoldsia sandwicensis) were seen in the study area: two on Poliokeawe Pali and one in the western Naulu kipuka (Area 11). This tree has become very rare in the Park because of forest destruction from recent lava flows. Three maua (Xylosma hawaiiense) were observed, one in each of three study area kipuka (Areas I, II, and IV). Hao (Rauvolfia sandwicensis) occurred primarily in the easternmost large kipuka of the study area (Area I), where 26 trees were sighted. One additional hao tree was found in a small grove farther east (Area III). 'Iliahi (Santalum paniculatum) and naio (Myoporum sandwicense) are uncommon species in the Park; both had sizable populations in Naulu Forest, particularly in the Kealakomo kipuka (Area II) on Holei Pali. Density and size class structure of four common native tree species were determined in the two largest Naulu Forest kipuka (Areas I and II). Lama (Diospyros sandwicensis) was the most common tree with densities of 89.3 and 171.3 plants/ha in Areas I and II, respectively. The lama population was composed primarily of mature trees. Alahe'e (Canthium odoratum) and naio (considered a common species in one kipuka) displayed stable population structures with many young plants. A few young mamane (Sophora chrysophylla) occurred at low density in only one kipuka (Area I). Thirty-six alien plant species were observed in the two intensively surveyed kipuka; those with highest cover and frequency along transects were lantana (Lantana camara) three other shrub species, scaly swordfern (Nephrolepis multiflora), and four grass species. Alien grasses pose a threat to rare plants because of their ability to carry fire; lantana and other shrubs may interfere with rare plant reproduction.<br/><br/>Description: Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/7359 Title: Monitoring the distribution and abundance of native gobies ('o'opu) in Waikolu and Pelekunu Streams on the island of Moloka'i<br/><br/>Author(s): Brasher, Anne M<br/><br/>Abstract: With ever-increasing demands of water in Hawai'i, managers are faced with the need to balance water removal for use by humans with maintaining the viability of stream ecosystems. Thorough, quantitative data on 'o'opu distribution and abundance, collected in a rigorous scientific manner is necessary for sound management decisions. This study was designed to establish standardized methods for conducting surveys of native 'o'opu populations to monitor streams in Hawai'i. These methods may be used for long-term comprehensive monitoring projects as described here, or for one-day reconnaissance surveys to evaluate stream conditions, perhaps as a preliminary step in planning more extensive monitoring surveys or ecological studies. To collect baseline data on Waikolu Stream and Pelekunu Stream, a two-year study with quarterly 'o'opu surveys at randomly selected stations located from the mouth to the headwaters of each stream was conducted. This study focused on three species of 'o'opu: 'o'opu nakea, 'o'opu nopili and 'o'opu alamo'o. Abundance of each species and size of each goby was recorded at each sampling station. Results of these surveys provide information on natural variation in 'o'opu distribution and density over time, and can be compared with future monitoring surveys in these streams or to data collected in other streams across the state. Overall densities of 'o'opu nakea were much lower in Waikolu Stream than in Pelekunu Stream and no 'o'opu nakea were observed in the upper stations of Waikolu Stream, where the two dams and the reduction of flow in this section may have restricted upstream movement. 'O'opu nakea were observed at all elevations surveyed in Pelekunu Stream, suggesting that in streams where the gradient is relatively low, and there are no large waterfalls, 'o'opu nakea may move quite far upstream. In both Waikolu and Pelekunu Streams, densities of 'o'opu nopili were highest near the mouth, decreasing with upstream distance. While 'o'opu nopili are more abundant at stations near the mouth in Waikolu Stream than in Pelekunu Stream, at all other comparable stations, nopili are more abundant in Pelekunu Stream. The greater abundance of 'o'opu nopili at stations near the mouth in Waikolu Stream is due in part to the large number of hinana (post-larval gobies returning to the stream from the ocean) in that area. However, over time the abundance of hinana in Waikolu Stream did not translate into higher densities of adult 'o'opu nopili upstream. In Pelekunu Stream, 'o'opu alamo'o were most abundant at stations at higher elevations. This is the pattern typically observed in Hawaiian streams. However, 'o'opu alamo'o were more abundant in the lower reaches of Waikolu Stream, and less abundant in the upper reaches, especially above the diverted section. The lower number of 'o'opu alamo'o in the mid and upper reaches of Waikolu Stream was most likely a result of decreased flow and periodic dewatering of the stream section below the upper dam, reducing available habitat for the 'o'opu and inhibiting upstream migrations. Abundance of all three species of 'o'opu, in both Waikolu and Pelekunu Streams, remained consistent between seasons and over the two-year monitoring period. The three species showed considerably more overlap in longitudinal distribution than has previously been reported for Hawaiian streams. This may be due to the relatively low gradient of the stream channel and lack of major waterfalls in the lower and mid reaches, allowing all three species to continue upstream migration, and eliminating the upper reaches as a refuge for 'o'opu alamo'o. Recruitment appears to occur, at least at some low level, throughout the year. Very few 'o'opu nakea recruits were recorded during the two-year monitoring period although large numbers of post-larval 'o'opu nakea were present near the mouth of Pelekunu Stream in August 1992, and spawned-out nakea and eggs were found at the mouth of Waikolu Stream in November 1992 (both prior to the commencement of the monitoring study).<br/><br/>Description: Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/7358 Title: Birds of Pu'uhonua o Honaunau National Historical Park<br/><br/>Author(s): Morin, Marie P<br/><br/>Abstract: Twelve bird species were detected at 29 count stations located throughout Pu'uhonua o Honaunau National Historical Park. Each station was counted once during the fall of 1992 and again during the spring of 1993. Significantly higher bird numbers per station and more bird species per station were detected during the spring count. Two of the species (17%) were indigenous migratory shorebirds and the other ten (83%) were introduced non-native species. The high percent of non-native species in the avifauna, and conversely the lack of endemic or indigenous bird species, can be attributed directly or indirectly to centuries of human influence.<br/><br/>Description: Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/7357 Title: Rare plants within managed units of 'Ola'a Forest, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park<br/><br/>Author(s): Pratt, Linda W; Abbott, Lyman L<br/><br/>Abstract: Four fenced pig-free management units and one adjacent unfenced area within the 'Ola'a Forest of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park were systematically searched for rare plants in 1992-94. Additional rare plant sightings were made off transects and on fencelines, while working on other projects in 1995-98. Observations by Resources Management workers were included on maps where possible. Only the western third of the 'Ola'a Forest was searched during this survey, where transects were placed systematically along north/south fence lines at intervals of 250-500 m. Those plants mapped on transects were within a 5-m belt. One listed endangered species, ha'iwale (Cyrtandra giffardii), was found in each surveyed unit, but was concentrated in the Ag and Koa Units below 1,280 m (4,200 K) elevation. 'Ola'a has a larger population of this endangered species than anticipated, as 91 plants were counted along transects. A second endangered species, 'anunu (Sicyos alba), was encountered at four localities within the Koa Unit; this extremely rare vine is known fiom only two other Hawai'i Island sites. Eight former candidate endangered plant species or "species of special concern" were counted along surveyed transects. Only six 'aku (Cyanea tritomantha) were sighted in the Ag and Koa Units. The lobelioid, koli'i (Trematolobelia grandifolia), was more frequently seen, inside and outside the Pu'u Unit and in the lower Ag Unit. One hundred seventeen koli'i plants were counted along transects, and others were sighted off transect. Candidate endangered mints were very rare; only one Phyllostegia floribunda, nine P. vestita, fourteen mohihi (Stenogyne scrophularioides), and six Stenogyne macrantha were observed in the study area. The herb popolo ku mai (Phytolacca sandwicensis) was seen primarily in the Koa Unit, where 10 plants were counted. Only one individual of the vine Schiedea diffusa was found within 'Ola'a at the same Ag Unit site where it was discovered nine years ago; this is the only sighting of the species on Hawai'i Island in more than 80 years. Two endangered species (Adenophorus periens, Clermontia peleana), and three species of concern (Asplenium schizophyllum, Eurya sandwicensis, and Joinvillea ascendens) that were formerly reported from 'Ola'a Forest were not found in the study area in 1992-98. Twenty additional plant species that are rare to uncommon in the Park were sighted within the 'Ola'a Forest study area. Two endemic orchid species (Anoectochilus sandvicensis and Liparis hawaiensis) were each found at only one 'Ola'a site. The rare vine kilioe (Embelia pacifica) occurred at five widely scattered sites in three units. Only 12 individuals of pawale (Rumex giganteus) were observed; half of these were on transects, while others were on fence lines and at sites near transects. Eighty-three pala ferns (Marattia douglasii) were counted along transects; these were concentrated in the Small Tract, Ag Unit, and outside the Pu'u Unit. These large terrestrial ferns are palatable to pigs and are sensitive to disturbance of the forest floor. The lobelioid 'oha kepau (Clermontia hawaiiensis) was noted at only one locality within the Ag Unit, but two other 'oha species (C. montis-loa and C. parviflora) were relatively common in all five units of the study area. Two species of haha or Cyanea were less widely distributed within 'Ola'a Forest. Cyanea degeneriana plants were concentrated in or near the Pu'u Unit and inside the Ag Unit; 60 plants of this species were observed along transects, and a few others were growing on fence lines. Eighty-one Cyanea pilosa subsp. longipedunculata plants were found outside the Pu'u Unit and in the southern half of the Small Tract. Ten of the 20 rare and uncommon plant species of 'Ola'a are shrubs or trees. Papala (Charpentiera obovata) and papala kepau (Pisonia brunoniana), trees more common at mesic sites, were restricted to the Small Tract and the southwestern corner of the Koa Unit. 'Aiea trees (Nothocestrum longifolium) and two species of shrubby kamakahala (Labordia hirtella and L. hedyosmifolia) were widely scattered in all five units of 'Ola'a. Pilo kea (Platydesma spathulata) was very rare within the study area; only 18 pilo kea were noted on transects, and others were encountered off transect. Loulu palms (Pritchardia beccariana) were infrequently encountered, primarily in the Small Tract, Koa, and Ag Units. 'Ohe mauka (Tetraplasandra oahuensis) trees, with one exception, were restricted to the Pu'u Unit, where 19 individuals were counted along transects and fence lines. Two members of the nettle family were also mapped along transects. Olona (Touchardia latifolia) was most often seen within the Ag Unit, but was also scattered throughout the Koa Unit and Small Tract and was sighted once outside the Pu'u Unit. Opuhe (Urera glabra) was much rarer and was concentrated in the eastern half of the Small Tract and the adjacent area in the Koa Unit. Only 11 widely scattered individuals of maua (Xylosma hawaiiense), a tree also known from mesic forests, were sighted within the study area.<br/><br/>Description: Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in.